Imizekelo yeengcinga. Imizekelo yeengcinga zenzululwazi

Ingcamango yokuba hypothesis (ὑπόθεσις Greek -. "Kungenxa yokuba kwinkolelo") i hypothesis yenzululwazi yakhe inyaniso ayiqinisekiswanga okwangoku. Hypothesis unako ukukhonza njenge ndlela lophuhliso lwenzululwazi ulwazi (uqikelelo ukwandiswa kunye nokuqinisekiswa yokulinga), kwakunye elementi enjengesakhiwo kwingcamango yenzululwazi. Ukudala inkqubo yezinto ekuphumezeni imisebenzi ethile engqondweni kuvumela umntu ukuba enze kufumaneke ukulungiselela ingxoxo kunye inguqu ebonakalayo izinto ezithile isixhobo ngezindlu. Inkqubo okubonisa ngokuphathelele kwezi zinto uba ezithile kunye nendalo waqiqa.

Imbali kuphuhliso indlela yeengcinga

Ukuvela indlela yezinto ebangela kumabakala okuqala nophuhliso lolwazi yamandulo zemathematika. E Greece yamandulo, imathematika wasebenzisa indlela aqale experiment ukubuxhalela wazimisa ephilile zemathematika. Le ndlela yayiquka yeengcinga uze kukukhupha siso imiphumo yi kutsalwe yohlalutyo. Injongo yale ndlela kukuba ukukhangela liyavumelana yenzululwazi yokuqala. Yayo indlela zohlalutyo kunye zokwenziwa yi uPlato. In inyathelo lokuqala hypothesis Advanced phantsi uhlalutyo lokuqala, isiphaluka sesibini nengqondo eyimfuneko iterminal ngendlela reverse. Ukuba oku kunokwenzeka, kwingcinga lokuqala iqinisekisiwe.

Ngoxa indlela yamandulo naukoznanii ezingenzeka usebenza ngakumbi ngendlela afihlakeleyo, kwezinye iindlela, ngenkulungwane ye-17 emva kwexesha. hypothesis kakade ukuba kusetyenziswa indlela oluzimeleyo uphando. Enkulu kunye nokuqinisa ubume babo phakathi lwenzululwazi indlela kwingqiqo hypothesis yaba imisebenzi Engels.

yokucinga ezingenzeka kubantwana

Inkqubo kuqulunqo yeengcinga yenye izigaba ezibalulekileyo kuphuhliso ukucinga ebantwaneni. Oku, umzekelo, ubhala wengqondo Swiss uJean Piaget yakhe "Intetho nokucinga lo mntwana" (1923).

Imizekelo yeengcinga yabantwana lingafumaneka kwi nisaqala uqeqesho kule minyaka ngexesha esikolweni. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana usenokucelwa ukuba uphendule umbuzo malunga apho iintaka niyayazi indlela eya ezantsi. Ngenxa yoko, abantwana baqala hypothesize. Imizekelo yeengcinga, "alandela ezo iintaka umhlambi abasele bantinga ezantsi phambi"; "Sikhokelwa izityalo kunye nemithi"; "Mamela umoya efudumeleyo," njalo njalo. D. Ekuqaleni ndicinga umntwana kunyaka 6-8 ubudala yahlukile egocentricity, xa izigqibo zayo, umntwana wokuqala zonke swi zizizathu elula mnandi. Ngenxa yoko, uphuhliso yokucinga ezingenzeka ikuvumela ukuba ukususa le ntswela, igalelo ukufuna ubungqina umntwana ethethelela ezithile iimpendulo zabo. Kwixesha elizayo, ukusuka kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, inkqubo isizukulwana hypothesis kakhulu ngakumbi zinzima kwaye uthatha Okukodwa entsha - abstract ngakumbi, ukuthembela neefomula kunye nabanye.

imisebenzi esebenzayo, ukwakha ukucinga yezinto ezisetyenziswa-sikhokelo ekuphuhliseni imfundo yabantwana bakhe, elakhiwa kwinkqubo DB Elkonin - VV Davydova.

Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba hypothesis ulwimi ingcamango malunga amakhonkco ngokwezintlu ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwimeko ethile kwaye licandelo olusisinyanzelo kwingcamango yenzululwazi.

Hypothesis kwenkqubo ulwazi lwenzululwazi

A mbono yesayensi ayikwazi ukuba ziqulunqwe gabalala ngqo ezenza yamava zenzululwazi. Njengoko umlamleli ikhonza hypothesis ukuchaza zizo zonke izibakala ezithile okanye iziganeko. Eli nqanaba linzima kwinkqubo ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Indima ephambili idlalwa intuition nengqiqo. Le iimpikiswano asibobungqina ngokwabo kwinzululwazi - kuphela izigqibo. inyaniso zabo kugwetywa kuphela kwimeko inyaniso kumaziko apho zisekelwe. Umsebenzi we umphandi kule meko ukuba bakhethe iintlobo samanqaku enokwehla kunye nentetho equkayo, enokwehla ibalulekileyo, kwaye ukuzama ukuzithethelela izibakala zenzululwazi.

Phezu kokuba bethe bayifezekisa le hypothesis data enokwehla, kuyimfuneko kwakhona ukuhlangabezana siseko ulwazi lwenzululwazi ukuze nengqiqo, ucikizeko, benolungelelwano ingcamango. Okuvela kuyo yeengcinga kungenxa yokungaqiniseki le meko, ingcaciso apho ngumba engundaba ulwazi lwezenzululwazi. Kusenokwenzeka kwakhona kwenzeka ubukho nixambulisana kwinqanaba ngokwamava. Ukuze ukusombulula le ntswela kuyimfuneko ukuba batyumbe yeengcinga ezithile.

Ukucaciswa yeengcinga

Ngenxa yokuba hypothesis yakhiwe isekelwe kwingcinga (uqikelelo), kufuneka ikhunjulwa into yokuba esi nto, yaye, ukuba kuthiwe ulwazi nenokuthenjwa inyaniso apho kusadingeka. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka ukuquka zonke izibakala ephathelele kulo mmandla yezenzululwazi. Njengokuba kuphawuliwe R. Carnap, ukuba umphandi kubonisa ukuba indlovu i indadi elihle, ngoko ke asithethi thina malunga nendlovu eyodwa ethile, leyo wabona khona zoo. Kule meko kukho inqaku IsiNgesi i (ngengqiqo Aristotelian - iintsingiselo ezininzi), oko kukuthi, sithetha ngayo kwiklasi yonke iindlovu.

Hypothesis codifies izibakala ezikhoyo ze ucingele ezintsha. Ngoko ke, ukuba siqwalasele imizekelo yeengcinga kwezenzululwazi, singakwazi ukwahlula hypothesis umyinge wemali Planck, laqalisa kwasekuqalekeni kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Le hypothesis nto, nto, kwakhokelela ukufunyanwa kwiindawo ezifana ukukhanda quantum, electrodynamics quantum, kunye nabanye.

Eyona engundoqo iimpawu hypothesis

Ekugqibeleni, nayiphi hypothesis kufuneka afumane nokuba isiqinisekiso okanye refutation. Ngenxa yoko, nathi sisebenzisana kwiipropati afanayo kwingcamango yenzululwazi njengoko verifiability kunye falsifiability.

Inkqubo yokungqinisisa ijolise ekusekeni inyaniso ulwazi ngokusebenzisa uvavanyo lwabo enokwehla, ebezikuyo yaqinisekisa isifundo hypothesis. Umzekelo ithiyori atom ka Democritus. Kwakhona, omnye zabo babefanele bahlule phakathi kokucingelwayo ezinokuthi zenziwe uvavanyo enokwehla, yaye ezo, xa untestable umgaqo. Ngoko ke, la mazwi: "olya uthanda Vasya" - akazange ekuqaleni efanele ngokuqinisekisa, lo gama le ngxelo: "Olga uthi yena uthanda Vasya" - kunokuba kunokuqinisekiswa.

Verifiability kungaba ngqo, xa sigqibo isekelwe ukucingela ngasekunene leefekthi iqinisekisiwe.

Inkqubo ukuguqula, yena, ijolise ukumisela falsity ye hypothesis inkqubo yokuqinisekisa enokwehla. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iziphumo kokuvavanywa hypothesis yodwa ngeke ukuyinyelisa - kwakufuneka enye hypothesis olunye uphuhliso isifundo kolwazi. Ukuba hypothesis onjalo langoku, eli ligatya hypothesis yokuqala akunakwenzeka.

Le hypothesis kulingo

Benze eza ngumphandi, ngokuba isiqinisekiso ukulinga, zibizwa ngokuba yeengcinga zovavanyo. Kulo mzekelo, azikho mfuneko isekelwe kwi ngcamango. VN Druzhinin chonga iintlobo ezintathu yeengcinga ngokwemiqathango lemvelaphi yabo;

1. Enyanisweni nisekelwe - ngokusekelwe kwithiyori (imodeli wokwenene) kwaye zokujonga phambili, iziphumo zezi mbono.

2. wokulinga Research - kwakhona ukuqinisekisa (okanye ukuphikisa) imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo ezikhona, kodwa kuthathwa njengesiseko ayenziwanga baqulunqe theory kunye nokucingela ongenantandabuzo umphandi ( "Kutheni na ..?").

3. yeengcinga enokwehla zisekwe kwimeko ethile elinikiweyo. Imizekelo yeengcinga: "Cofa impumlo lwenkomo, oko nomsila banikina" (Kozma Prutkov). Emva kokuqinisekisa hypothesis ngethuba olu lingelo ukuba izuza isimo mhaka.

Common kuzo zonke hypothesis eyayivavanywa indawo efana operatsionaliziruemost, okt ekuqulunqweni yeengcinga ngokwemigaqo iinkqubo ezithile zovavanyo. Kule meko, iintlobo ezintathu yeengcinga nazo zingahlukaniswa:

• hypothesis ukuba into ethile (Uhlobo A);
• hypothesis yokumilisela ikhonkco phakathi kwe nesenzeko (uhlobo B);
• hypothesis yokudityaniswa kobude phakathi nesenzeko (uhlobo B).

Imizekelo yeengcinga uhlobo A:

• Nokuba kukho lo mkhuba "shift kumngcipheko" (kwingcingane elide zentlalo) kwinkqubo yokuthabatha isigqibo iqela?
• Ngaba bukho ubomi on Mars?
• ukuba badlulisele ingcamango kumgama kunokwenzeka?

Kananjalo apha ziquka inkqubo ngamaxesha eekhemikhali izinto di Mendeleev, ngokusekelwe apho nzulu kwangaphambili ubukho kodwa eyay ngexesha iziqalelo. Ngoko ke, nalo olu hlobo ibandakanya zonke yeengcinga malunga iinyaniso ezinzulu.

Imizekelo yeengcinga uhlobo B:

• Zonke iimpawu ubuchopho kungancitshiswa kwintshukumo dystrophy (Sechenov).
• Extroverts babe nomdla omkhulu umngcipheko ngaphezu introverts.

Ngako oko, olu hlobo hypothesis abonakalise ezi okanye uqhagamshelwano phakathi nesenzeko.

Imizekelo yeengcinga uhlobo B:

• I centrifugal amandla balances womxhuzulane nciphisa it iqanda (KE Tsiolkovsky).
• Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono omhle umntwana ukuphuhlisa ubuchule bakhe yengqondo.

Olu hlobo hypothesis na izinto elizimeleyo abaxhomekeke ngokusekelwe, ulwalamano phakathi kwazo, kwakunye namanqanaba okwenziwa variables ezongezelelweyo.

Hypothesis, isimo, isohlwayo

Imizekelo la magama kuxoxwa ngazo kwi-sikhokelo ulwazi lwezomthetho njengesixhobo ukulawula komthetho. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umbuzo ngokwayo isakhiwo komthetho umthetho ukuba ingxoxo ngenxa ngaphakathi kunye nangaphandle ingcamango zenzululwazi.

Hypothesis emthethweni yinxalenye udidi yokufumanisa nezenzo yeemeko enomthetho, inyaniso, apho iqala ukusebenza.

Hypothesis phantsi komthetho unako ukuveza imiba efana isithuba / kwixesha lesiganeko isiganeko esithile; ngokuxhomekeke ilungu kwimeko ethile; ngokwemimiselo nemigangatho esemthethweni yokungenela ukusebenza; impilo zesifundo, nto leyo echaphazela ithuba ukufezekiswa ilungelo, njalo njalo Umzekelo ulawulo yeengcinga komthetho :. "Umntwana abazali ezingaziwayo afumaneka kummandla Russian Federation, uya kuba ngummi Russian Federation." Ngako oko, le indawo yeziqendu kwisifundo esithile besive kurhulumente. Kulo mzekelo, kukho hypothesis elula. Kwimizekelo ilungelo yeengcinga ezinjalo kakhulu eqhelekileyo. Simple hypothesis isekelwe isiganeko omnye (oyinyaniso), apho kuthatha isiphumo. Kwakhona, hypothesis kunokuba nzima xa kukho iimeko ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Ukongeza, kukho enye i Ngenxa yeengcinga elo nyathelo ezahlukahlukeneyo, umthetho elingana kunye ngenxa yezizathu ezithile.

Isimo sengqondo ijolise ekukhuseleni amalungelo neemfanelo ze-nxaxheba yobudlelwane zomthetho, ibonisa ukuziphatha kwazo kwaye efanelekileyo. Ngenxa hypothesis, isimo kunokuba ifomu elula, ezinzima okanye enye. Xa nesimo elula ngayo ukuba nemiphumela yomthetho mnye; kwi complex - malunga ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, esiza ngexesha elifanayo okanye isambuku; endaweni ye isimo - malunga neziphumo uphawu ezahlukeneyo ( "nokuba-okanye").

Isohlwayo, bona, kuba yinxalenye mmiselo, ebonisa amanyathelo zonyanzelo ukuqinisekisa amalungelo noxanduva. Kwiimeko ezininzi, izohlwayo ijoliswe iintlobo ezithile sezomthetho. Ngokwembono ngokuqiniseka iintlobo ezimbini kwezohlwayo: i ethile ngokupheleleyo kwaye kakhulu-ezithile. Kwimeko yokuqala sithetha malunga osemthethweni hayi ngokuwanika naziphina ezinye (invalidation, transfer ubunini, izohlwayo kunye njalo njalo. D.). Kwimeko yesibini kungathathwa eziliqela izisombululo (umzekelo, i-Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, kunokuba entolongweni omhle okanye; imihlaba kwexesha isohlwayo - umzekelo, ukususela kwiminyaka-5 ukuya kweli-10, njl ...). Kwakhona, izohlwayo babe izohlwayo kunye pravovosstanovitelnymi.

Uhlalutyo womda izakhiwo komthetho

Ngako oko, ubume "hypothesis - sengqondo - isohlwayo" (imizekelo ulawulo lomthetho) angamelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: hypothesis ( "ukuba ..") → isimo ( "into ..") → ukwayo ( "okanye .."). Kodwa ke eneneni, lo gama zonke zontathu iinkalo kwi ngolawulo lomthetho zinqabile. Iya isanda, sisebenzisana isakhiwo ilungu-mbini, apho unokuba kweentlobo ezimbini:

1. Imithetho Regulatory umthetho: hypothesis-isimo. Ngenxa yoko, lungohlulwa lube ndibopha edalelwe kunye igunya.

2. ulawulo ibakhusela komthetho: hypothesis-sohlwayo. Kwakhona unokuba iindidi ezintathu: (. Jonga uhlelo kwezohlwayo) ezithile ngokupheleleyo, enye kakhulu-ezithile.

Kule hypothesis kufuneka ukuba ube ekuqaleni kolawulo lomthetho. Zanelisa inkcazo yesakhiwo umahluko ulawulo lomthetho kwi amalungiselelo ngamnye (ebalwa a inyathelo elinye), kwakunye ne-siseko jikelele yomthetho (musa ayikhuphi yeengcinga kunye nezohlwayo elawula ubudlelwane ngaphandle ngokuqiniseka okukhulu).

Khawucinge ngomzekelo hypothesis, bubumenemene yezohlwayo manqaku. ulawulo Regulatory yomthetho, "abantwana eyomeleleyo sele eneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, kufuneka uthathe unonophelo abazali babo abaneziphene" (uMgaqo-RF, Inxalenye 3, Inqaku 38 ..). Inxalenye yokuqala imithetho enxulumene abantwana eyomeleleyo abaye wayeneminyaka eli-18 ubudala - yinto hypothesis. Yena, efana amanqaku hypothesis imimiselo yeemeko yangoku - phezu komyalelo lokungena wayo force. Makuboniswe imfuneko unonophelo abazali abakhubazekileyo - nesimo oqondela umsebenzi othile. Ngenxa yoko, iziqalelo ulawulo lomthetho kulo mzekelo zezona hypothesis nesimilo - umzekelo nemimiselo ayikokubambana ngendlela.

"Umakhi, engafanelekanga babesenza umsebenzi, akanalo ilungelo ukubhekisela into yokuba abathengi akazange ukwenza kulawulo kweliso ukuphunyezwa kwazo, ngaphandle ..." (Civil Code, Icandelo 4, st.748). Le yimizekelo yeengcinga kunye sengqondo ongavumeli eqhelekileyo.

ulawulo zothintelo yomthetho: "Kuba umonakalo owenziwe umntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-14 ubudala, kumkhawulela abazali ..." (Civil Code, iSahlulo 1, st.1073). Esi sakhiwo: umzekelo hypothesis-isohlwayo nezithethe ezithile ngokupheleleyo zomthetho. Olu hlobo nje imeko ngqo (umonakalo obangelwe minor) kudityaniswe kuphela isohlwayo ngqo (uxanduva lwabazali). Hypothesis amalungiselelo omthetho yokhuselo abonisa ukuhlukumeza.

Umzekelo i norms enye yezomthetho: "Ubuqhetseba obenziwe iqela labantu ngokwesivumelwano kwangaphambili ... baya kohlwaywa zethuba elifikelela ku kweminyaka emi-2, okanye imisebenzi ezinyanzelekileyo isithuba iiyure ukuya ku-480 ngo isohlwayo semali ukuya ku 300 lamawaka engange okanye umvuzo okanye enye ingeniso ... . "(Code Criminal, Inqaku 159 2 n ..); "Ubuqhetseba ezenziwa ngumntu ngokusebenzisa isikhundla sakhe zaseburhulumenteni ... kuya unokohlwaywa isohlwayo engange amawaka 100 ukuya 500 lamawaka" (Code Criminal, ubugcisa. 159 isitanza. 3). Ngako oko, ubuqhetseba izibakala ekuthethwa, yimizekelo yeengcinga lwezenzululwazi, kwaye ezi okanye ezinye iindlela uxanduva ezi zenzo zolwaphulo - ukwayo imizekelo.

Hypothesis njengenxalenye yophando engqondweni

Xa kuziwa kuphando ngokwasengqondweni lwezenzululwazi, ngokusekelwe indlela kwamanani zezibalo, ngoko ke hypothesis kulo mzekelo kufuneka ilingane kuqala mfuno ezifana ukucaca conciseness. Njengokuba kuphawuliwe eV Sidorenko, enkosi data awayefike komphandi ngexesha izibalo, enyanisweni, wamkela umfanekiso ocacileyo oko akufumeneyo.

It isigqibo ukwaba hypothesis null ezizezinye manani. Kwimeko yokuqala ukuba akukho mahluko umqondiso test, ngokomgaqo wokubala X ₁ -X ₂ = 0. Kwelinye icala, X _1, X ₂ - amaxabiso uphawu apho uthelekiso. Ngako oko, ukuba injongo isifundo sethu - ibonisa umahluko ngokwamanani phakathi amaxabiso iimpawu ukuba sifuna ayingqinelani hypothesis null.

Kwimeko enye hypothesis ithi umahluko ngokwamanani. Ngaloo ndlela, enye hypothesis - yiloo ingxelo ukuba sijolise ukungqina. Kwakhona, oko kuthiwa hypothesis zovavanyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwezinye iimeko umphandi, phezu koko, ayifune ukubonisa hypothesis null xa iyahambelana neenjongo yamava akhe.

Imizekelo iquka le yeengcinga zilandelayo bengqondo:

Hypothesis null (H _0): Ukuba neentlobano ukwanda (ukuhla) iimpawu kwi inguqu ukusuka isampuli omnye elomnye random.

Hypothesis ezizezinye (H _1): Ukuba neentlobano ukwanda (ukuhla) iimpawu kwi inguqu ukusuka isampuli enye ukuya kwenye ayikho random.

Masithi ukuba uthotho iiseshoni zoqeqesho ukunciphisa eli ixhala lwaqhutywa kwiqela labantwana kunye namaqondo aphezulu ixhala. imilinganiselo isibonisi phambi nasemva kwiiseshoni zoqeqesho zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukufumanisa ukuba ingaba umahluko phakathi imilinganiselo Isalathisi ngokwamanani. Hypothesis null (H ₀₎ iya kuba yile ilandelayo: ukuncipha kwinqanaba ixhala trend kwi qela emva kokuba uqeqesho ejikelezayo. Ngenxa yoko, hypothesis ezizezinye (H ₁₎ liya kuvakala njengoko utyekelo ukunciphisa izinga ixhala kwi qela emva kokuba uqeqesho random.

Emva kokuba isicelo kwingongoma zezibalo (umz, iimpawu G-njengenqobo) ngumphandi siyakwazi ukubona ukubaluleka statistical / akalutho kubangela "shift" ngokumalunga test osemqoka (inqanaba ixhala). Ukuba inkomba ngokwamanani, oko kwamkelwa enye hypothesis, kwaye zero, ngokulandelelana, yalahlwa. Kungenjalo, phezu koko, wamkela hypothesis null.

Kananjalo bengqondo inokuba uxhulumaniso okuveza (unxulumano) phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, nayo leyo ibonakalisa hypothesis kwesifundo. umzekelo:

H _0: kungqinelwano kwisalathiso uyondelelwano lwee- ingqalelo yabafundi kunye nokusebenza izinga lempumelelo imisebenzi yolawulo ukuba ayahlukanga 0.

N _1: kungqinelwano kwisalathiso xi ireyithi ingqalelo yomfundi nempumelelo komsebenzi umsebenzi yokulawula kwezobalo eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka ku-0.

Ngaphezu koko, imizekelo yeengcinga zenzululwazi kwizifundo ngokwasengqondweni efuna ukuqinisekiswa manani zingangqamana nokwabiwa olulongezo (kwinqanaba ngokwamava theoretical component) kunye iqondo lotshintsho guquki (xa bethelekisa iimpawu ezimbini, okanye uluhlu sabo), kunye nabanye.

Hypothesis in yokuhlalisana

Ngokomzekelo, xa kufikwa kakuhle umfundi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuhlalutya unobangela wayo. Yintoni hypothesis kulo mzekelo, anganyula ngezentlalo? AI Kravchenko inika yeengcinga mizekelo ilandelayo xa case study:

• umgangatho ophantsi ukufundiswa kwezinye izifundo.
• Uphambuko abafundi baseyunivesithi kwinkqubo yemfundo kwingeniso olongezelelweyo.
• amaqondo aphantsi kolawulo iyunivesithi kufuna nokusebenza kunye noqeqesho lwabafundi.
• iindleko kukhuphiswano abafumana iziko.

Kubalulekile ukuba imizekelo yeengcinga zenzululwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ecacileyo neyodwa, ebhekisela kuphela phantsi ngqo zeso sifundo. ekuqulunqeni Literacy yeengcinga, njengoko umthetho, kugqiba ukhetho yenze uphando lokufunda nokubhala. Le mfuneko okufanayo ukwakhiwa yeengcinga kuzo zonke iintlobo zomsebenzi lwezenhlalo zenzululwazi - nokuba yinto hypothesis kwisikhokelo kwiinkomfa okanye hypothesis le ithisisi. Umzekelo amanqaku aphantsi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, xa ukhetha Cingela nefuthe elibi umsebenzi part-time abafundi kunokubonwa-sikhokelo indlela elula isaveyi abaphenduli. Ukuba ukhetha hypothesis malunga libya wokufundisa, uphando ingcali ezakusetyenziswa. Kwelinye icala, xa sithetha iindleko ukhetho wokhuphiswano, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa indlela uhlalutyo ukuhlanganisa - ngokuthelekisa intsebenzo yabafundi kwizifundo leziko kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo wokwamkelwa.