Protists - oku ... kwabalinganiswa kunye neempawu zolwakhiwo

Ekuqaleni, kubonakala ukuba systematics mihla yayisele iyifumene yonke zohlaza ezinkulu kwaye uyavuma. Kodwa ke akunjalo. Umelwe weva ezifana umanyano yenkqubo njenge protists? Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko inqaku wethu kuwe.

History of izovela

Protists - ingqiqo eyaqaliswa laqala kwinzululwazi naturalist waseJamani Ernst Haeckel. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1886. Ngelo xesha, oko wayesele esaziwa ukuya ezimbini izikumkani endalo: izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Zonke ezinye eziphilayo ofundileyo wazisa protists. Kodwa inzululwazi na ukuma. Systematics bodwa izinto ezintsha eziphambili, ukudala zohlaza. Kwaye ngo-1969, lo eziphila American Roberg Whittaker wachaza protists abe nembono mihla. Hi ndlela leyi, le Isazinzulu ekuthiwa umbhali kwenkqubo "izikumkani ezintlanu." Loo ngezigaba zonke izinto eziphilayo esasebenza namhlanje.

Iimpawu ze protists

Xa protists zonke izinto, apho umzimba ukuvelisa ezi amalaphu. Kwaye akunamsebenzi indlela bakha iiseli. Isakhiwo luphawulwa protists ngumongo. Phakathi izityalo ningabaleli lisiza qela. protists Heterotrophic zinikwa lenyama kunye eziphilayo gribopodobnymi.

Isakhiwo lona lisiza

Inkcazelo protists qala izityalo yokuqala ukuvela kwi iplanethi - lisiza. Phakathi kwazo kukho abameli metazoans. It chlamydomonas kunye chlorella. Nangona umzimba wazo wonke imelwe kwiseli enye, abawenza zonke iinkqubo zobomi. Le ukuphefumla ngenxa iqokobhe esiqhutywa iflagellum, ukutya autotrophic, yokuzala ngokwahlula kwezimbini okanye sporulation. ulwelwe Multicellular zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Xa iiseli zabo zomzimba oxhulumene anatomically, kodwa musa awakhi emzimbeni. izakhiwo ezinjalo kuthiwa thallus okanye thallus.

protists heterotrophic

Eli qela iquka iintlobo abakwaziyo ukuba badle izinto eziphilayo kuphela ukulungele. protists Heterotrophic - akutshatanga-elilodwa, okanye lenyama. Ngaphandle igama, ubume babo nalo kunzima kakhulu. Enye le iqhelekileyo abameli elula Paramecium caudatum. Njengazo zonke amarhamncwa unit sabo ebusweni kumelwa inwebu plasma kunye pellicle emele kukho icytoplasm ukhuko igcwele. organelles abasisigxina kwezi protists ezi yokucola ukutya contractile vacuole. Eyokuqala wenziwa enzymatically ukusombulula izinto eziphilayo, kwaye eyesibini - ummiselo yengcinezelo osmotic kunye namanzi nokutshintshiselana ngetyuwa.

Xa ciliates kwenzeka nokuba inkqubo ngokwesondo, nto leyo ethatha ukuba uhlobo conjugation. Kulo mzekelo izilwanyana ezimbini idibane kwakhiwa ibhulorho cytoplasmic, apho layila yemfuza nokutshintshanisa iincwadi phakathi kwabo. zahlukahlukene kakhulu organelles intshukumo protists heterotrophic. Xa ciliates aba isiliya nentlaninge Euglena - a yomsila enye. Kodwa Amoeba Proteus yakha lunamaqoqo non-isigxina kukho icytoplasm, nibizwayo pseudopodia, okanye pseudopodia.

Gribopodobnye protists

Eli qela protists okufana mushrooms ngokwenene. Umzekelo, umzimba enemingxuma bubonakaliswe labyrinthulomycetes ezula plasmodia. Udonga Iseli iquka engqongqo Oomycetes kwincindi. Ngaphaya koko, inkqubo yokuzala maqanda, zakha zoospores mobile. Ezi mpawu okufana polryadka gifohitridievyh, uninzi lwazo gazi intracellular of ulwelwe kunye ezingenamqolo.

Iimpawu ezizodwa

Protists - izinto eziphilayo ezineefitsha engaqhelekanga kakhulu. Ezi ziquka labyrinthulomycetes pseudopodia gribopodobnyh. Bona idibane nemibutho efanayo iiseli eselumelwaneni, ukudala uthungelwano yonke. abameli komyalelo babonelelwa hrizofitovye nesisu ecacileyo ebizwa gaptonemoy. It iqulathe microtubules, engqongwe ijelo le reticulum endoplasmic. Xa dinoflagellates wabona ubume lawo elikhethekileyo ngumongo, zofuzo esoloko kwimo spiralizirovannom.

Yintoni polyphyly

Amaxesha amaninzi protists kuthiwa iqela polyphyletic, okanye taxon. Oku kuthetha ukuba le nto ndiyibhalayo eziphilayo esebenzisekayo sendiselane kunye nabameli bezinye iiyunithi taxonomic zingafakwanga kulo. Ngoko ke, jonga nje izilwanyana, kwakunye nezityalo - ukuya ubukumkani izityalo. zohlaza Polyphyletic aziyonxalenye KABLOOM mihla, ngenxa yokuba nabameli babo musa kumntu omnye. Imizekelo amaqela ezinjalo izilwanyana zinegazi elibandayo okanye iintsholongwane autotrophic.

Ngoko ke, protists - it eziphilayo eukaryotic, ezingeyo ezi iithishu. Phakathi kwazo iintlobo abangatshatanga multicellular, Ulungs kunye heterotrophs. Kuba abameli yanamhlanje protists ukuba ulele, lenyama kunye gribopodobnye eziphilayo.