Ukubonakalisa okufihliweyo zehlabathi. Imigaqo Huygens Fresnel

izenzakalo Ukukhanya emhlabeni ngenxa yethu, ukuze, bebona obubonakala zazo ezahlukeneyo, ayikhe ithi ucinge uhlobo nkqubo. Isabelo ngokuveliswa ulwazi kwingqondo yomntu ngokusebenzisa kanye izenzakalo ukukhanya egqitha alithoba ekhulwini, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba indima yabo enkulu ebomini bethu. Ukuqhama yehlabathi abasingqongileyo ukupeyinta isibhakabhaka umbala oluhlaza, umnyama, reflection yakhe esipilini ezi ndaba inkcazelo kunokuba abantu, lyrically-nye nje kokuba nengqondo yenzululwazi. Ke phakathi izazinzulu zemvelo efuna ndzulu kakuhle izinto abasingqongileyo ngezimanga ukuvelisa zabo umlinganiselo quantitative novavanyo qualitative bafumana abaninzi ngokuzithandela ukusombulula imfihlelo ukukhanya.

I bamazwe lokuqala iziganeko ukukhanya, ogama baye basinda imisebenzi, wayesazi malunga neempawu kumphezulu egosogoso. Euclid (300 BC) kunye uPtolemy (127-151 gg.) Ngaba uyakwazi ukuchaza imithetho ngokukhanya zejometri, kodwa isicelo elisebenzisekayo sele ndinikwe kamva ekwakhiweni kwezi ngongoma yokuqala (1285), yerediyo (1450) , imizuzu (1595).

Njengoko uqhubeka ufundisisa ezi nesenzeko yokukhanya yabangela ifuduke ngokukhanya zejometri kwithiyori yomtshangatshangiso wokukhanya, ukuxelwa eyaziwa kuthi njengoko Huygens-Fresnel Umgaqo. Huygens kuqala wambuza ithiyori Newton yaye ecetywayo ukuqwalasela umqadi ukukhanya kungekho njengomlambo amasuntswana amancinane ye ophezulu-mngeni, kwaye zibe ngumtshangatshangiso. Imfundiso wave of Huygens kuphela kuqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo imithetho ngokukhanya zejometri, kodwa ivumela ukuba bahlole zonke izenzakalo ukukhanya. Ukuthatha i expression zonke kwinqanaba eliphakathi apho andise yomtshangatshangiso khon'ukuze abe ngumthombo kwamaza zasesekondari, Huygens wakwazi ukuchaza siseko womthetho vangama yokukhanya kunye nezinye izenzakalo, ngaphambili echazwe ingcamango Newton. Kodwa ke zange yenze ingcaciso ngemigaqo ingqiqo entsha kwengcamango diffraction, kunye nabaxhasi ngeembono Newton abaninzi kangangokuba mpikiswano malunga nohlobo lokwenyaniso lokukhanya eyathatha iminyaka elikhulu.

Le ingcaciso ingcamango "diffraction yokukhanya," umgaqo of Huygens-Fresnel unika yi inkcazo ukuxhomekeka ombala. Nomsindo emva kodonga, siva bend ukukhanya emhlabeni xihinga ayikho kwaye anike umthunzi. Kodwa Huygens-Fresnel umgaqo oku umzekelo andingekhe ndikukhanyele. Diffraction sizalwa ngamaza ukukhanya, kodwa kunjalo ephawuleka ngenxa yobukhulu scantiness le yokukhanya, ukuba nje akunakwenzeka ukuba ukulungisa oko, yaye Fresnel kuphela wakwazi ukuchaza lo mhlola, unako ukubala ombala ubukhaphukhaphu polmikrona (isiqingatha senkulungwane ndlela) .

Ukwenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso kunye nobungqina inyaniso thiyori otshangatshangiswayo zokukhanya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, Fresnel ingqalelo enye abasunguli balo. Igama lakhe waya ezantsi kwimbali inzululwazi izisekelo ithiyori, buqala Huygens ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, ngokuba ihlabathi "Huygens-Fresnel Umgaqo."

Ukuba gqaba-gqaba, iingenelo Huygens 'wave theory lokukhanya kukucacisa izenzakalo ezininzi inguqulelo Newton ukukhanya Owemvelo ke umntu ukunika ingcaciso. Nokubekwa amaza okukhanya kukhokelela kwizinto ezenzeka sokuphamazisa, imimandla umbala ngokohlobo engubo Newton ngokwakhe umphengululi enkulu akwazi ukuchaza. Ngapha koko, xa imfundiso yakhe nokubekwa fluxes ezikhanyayo kufuneka sikhatshwe ukwanda ngamandla abo. A ukubonakalalisa diffraction kwi lencinibakazi ekukhanyeni yakwazi ukuqinisekisa imifuniselo bakhe Fresnel ngaphezu amathandabuzo kwaphela ngokupheleleyo malunga wave nohlobo ukukhanya.

A look entsha kwi iimpawu umqadi ukukhanya, olusekelwe phezu Huygens-Fresnel Umgaqo walala phantsi, wabanika amandla okuqhubela kuphuhliso ingcamango zenzululwazi. Ngenxa yoko, siye sabona ukuvela le qambo njenge laser (60-20 st.), Waba namandla sisixhobo ezandleni izazinzulu, noochwephetsha zonyango. Abafoti bakwazi yobuciko ezabo besebenzisa okucoca, ngeenkwenkwezi banokufunda ukwakhiwa kweenkwenkwezi esekude, kunye kakhulu kwezinye iinkalo zobomi bomntu sele ahlanganiswe izimvo ezintsha malunga nohlobo umqadi ukukhanya zesiqhelo.