Endle Rice. irayisi ukulima technology

Irayisi - enye izityalo ezixabisekileyo ehlabathini phakathi ukutya siphambili uninzi yabemi iplanethi yethu. Kuyinto isityalo yonyaka kwiklasi usapho cereals monocotyledonous.

ulwazi jikelele

Le cereal iingcambu ezinezikhondo kunye nemingxuma anomoya ukuba abonelele ngofikelelo lomoya emhlabeni nezikhukhula. Mzobo ityholo equlathe nodular olubangelwa ogama ubukhulu imalunga 3-5 mm ukuphakama - 38 cm, nalo ukuphakama kuyimitha 3-5 (olunzulu-form). Kubangelwa ubukhulu becala nkqo, kodwa kukho zinyuka stelyaschiesya. Sheet lanceolate, yokudubula i panicle, ubude ogama ngu 10-30 cm. Panicle uya zixinaniswe okanye ukusasaza, netshiki okanye abeke ngokuxhomekeke ezahlukeneyo yerayisi. Kuyo kwaye inani elikhulu spikelets zidubule ngemilenze elifutshane. Elipheleleyo, avareji okuziinkozo irayisi iquka iqokobhe engqongqo, ndawo ezo zaziphantsi umbala sinombala ingqolowa igcinwe. Phantsi isikhumba - le endosperm, le nxalenye okunezondlo nokwengqolowa, leyo nto sibona ngokohlobo nerayisi emhlophe, eyaziwa ngokuba ipolishi okanye ukugaywa. Malunga ne-94% of iqulethe starch, malunga 6-10% protein, kodwa ngelishwa, akukho phantse akukho B iivithamini kunye nezinto kwezimbiwa. Ukugaya irayisi izimisele ngokukhawuleza, ngokulula ngakumbi zifunxwe ngumzimba. Sezulu hot ulophu imveliso ithatha ixesha elide.

irayisi-ekhula

Kukho 3 iintlobo amasimi apho kulinywa kule imifuno: enehlathi, itshekhi kunye ichweba. Iitsheki emasimini zerayisi ukulinywa ubuchule sikuko hlakulela ababulala nye de kube ngoko, lo gama isityalo akuthethi ivuthwe, ngoko kulophisela emanzini aze aqalise lokuvuna. Olu uhlobo kokuvuna isityalo yeyona ixhaphake kakhulu, ngoko kuqokelela malunga ne-90% yemveliso yerayisi lwehlabathi. emasimini, inkangala ibekwe kwiindawo apho isixa esikhulu imvula iwela, ngoko ke musa ukuba yokunkcenkceshela ngumntu. On abo kunye namanye amacandelo angakhula irayisi iintlobo-ntlobo efanayo, kodwa imveliso kwi ukuhlola ngaphezu emasimini. Lima irayisi intsimi ikakhulu ibekwe zizandyondyo kunye vozdelyvavaetsya ngexesha nezikhukhula. Kulo mzekelo, sebenzisa iintlobo ezikhethekileyo irayisi kunye micingeni ikhula ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo whisks elidadayo phezu kwamanzi. Xa kuthelekiswa kulinywa irayisi kwezinye iinkalo, le ndlela unika isityalo ezincinane kakhulu, kodwa ke yemveli ngakumbi kwiingingqi apho cereal yeyona nkalo ibalulekileyo ukutya yabantu, umzekelo, kumazwe Asia.

iintlobo irayisi

Kukho ehlabathini amawaka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo yerayisi. Umzekelo, e-Asia entsimini nganye inika iintlobo zeenkcubeko. It ihlelwa ngobude yengqolowa, uhlobo lonyango, umbala, incasa. Ngu iqondo processing imifuno yahlulwe emhlophe irayisi, esimdaka kunye parboiled.

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo irayisi:

1. Erayisi: erayisi, nje nayo evela entsimini, kunokugcinwa iminyaka eliqela.
2. Rice asikwe - zilisusa mbilu linyathelo unyango lokuqala, olusetyenziswa wokutya kwezilwanyane nje isichumiso.
3. Bran iqokobhe: ngoko efunyenwe kwinkqubo esivikivayo iinkozo ezisetyenziselwa cereals isidlo sakusasa kunye nokutya kwezilwanyana.
4. Likhazimlisiwe irayisi emhlophe: i ixhaphakileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, Round srednezerny kunye nerayisi elide-ingqolowa, ifoto apho ubona kweli nqaku.
5. irayisi Parboiled: erayisi ngaphambili zifakwe emanzini waza emva koko ziphathwe ngomphunga phantsi koxinzelelo.
6. Brown okanye neshlifovany. Ngamanye amaxesha srednezerny kunye nerayisi elide-ingqolowa, ixabiso engeyiyo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ixabiso umtya koomatshini irayisi yokugaya, kwaye igqalwa bephilile bondlekile ngaphezu nerayisi emhlophe.
7. irayisi Broken: ekusetyenzweni iinkozo irayisi zizigungxule iziqwenga ezinkulu esetyenziselwa confectionery kunye nesidlo sakusasa; ezincinane - kuba irayisi umgubo.
8. Njengoko kwakunye oqhelekileyo irayisi iintlobo ezifana jasmine, basmati, yaseYiputa zasendle.

History nokwabiwa

Malunga neminyaka 7000 umntu liyadla kwaye lukhula nerayisi. Ifoto ebonisa oku ingafumaneka kwimibhalo yamandulo China ne India. Nalapho ke, emasimini kwenkqubo isicelo imisele ukuze kunkcenkceshelwe lwenkcubeko. Apho wabonakala okokuqala - akuyi kuqiniseka, kodwa abanye bayavuma ukuba kuthathwa kuyo India. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo kuyaziwa ukuba amasimi irayisi e China zibonakele ngewaka BC 5 kunye nama-500 BC, sele ibekwe e South-East ne-South Asia, China ne India. Ukusasaza le cereal apha naphaya iimeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo eMzantsi Asia kufuneka isixa esikhulu samanzi nokushisa wonke yonyaka, kwaye eJapan, Korea kunye central China baqalisa iintlobo ukuba Ninyamezela ukubanda yaye kufuneka amanzi. E Asia, ababelotyiwe kunye watyala nerayisi nangoku ngesandla, kangangeenkulungwane ezilinywe umhlaba entabeni, ezindulini eziqwenga ezincinane zomhlaba. Ngenkulungwane ye-13 wabonakala emasimini esasiseSisili, eMntla Melika, uye wabonakala French, amaBritane kunye yaseJapan. E Umzantsi Melika nani balizisa IsiPhuthukezi kunye Spanish. Rice ukulima eRashiya yaqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-300 eyadlulayo.

Rice ku Russia

In uBukhosi Russian, intsimi rice yokuqala ukuvela ngemihla Ivana Groznogo. Wanikwa umyalelo irhuluneli Astrakhan ekhula "Saracen amazimba", oko kukuthi indlela ogama Fig. IVolga asezantsi izinziswe entsimini, kodwa iziphumo zovavanyo, ngelishwa, uye wahlala engaziwayo.

Ebudeni bolawulo Peter I «Saracen amazimba" athi qheke eRashiya, oko walima ogudle ye emlanjeni Terek, kwaye bayahlelwa isityalo kwakhona ezilahlekileyo phakathi kwiimfuno ezingxamisekileyo karhulumente. Kwaba kuphela ngo-1786 Umfanekiso lavela kummandla Russian - waziswa phambi Kuban Cossacks. Amasimi erayisi ibekwe kwiindawo ayenamandla le Kuban River, uze ufumane entsimini isivuno irayisi elungileyo yaye eyaqala ngo eRashiya.

yokuselelwa irayisi ehlabathini

Kukho 2 iindlela kokusetyenziswa kwale ipapa, "Western" - ekuso ngokuba yiMelika Europe, kwaye "Eastern" - for Asia. Xa inani empumalanga amazwe libhekisela ukudla imihla ngemihla, irayisi eYurophu wafumana udumo lwayo kamva, kodwa ekuqaleni ngeyabo izityalo ezingaqhelekanga yaye elungiselelwe kuphela kwi menu zehlobo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, irayisi sele abe omnye ukutya zazo eziphambili, kodwa, ngokwahlukileyo eAsiya, eYurophu waqalisa ukulungiselela irayisi kunye iinkukhu, inyama, iimveliso zaselwandle kunye wome nezongezelelo.

Imfuneko kwisityalo irayisi

Qho ngonyaka Iitoni zerayisi eveliswa ehlabathini malunga 350 mln.. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabantu ehlabathini sebenzisa izihlandlo ezi-3 ngosuku. EJapan, 78% zeefama ijoliswe kulinywa zerayisi, umzekelo, nangona iindleko irayisi aphezulu kakhulu. Umlinganiselo ukusetyenziswa cereals umntu ngamnye Asia yi 150 kg ngonyaka, ngelixa eYurophu - 2 kg ngonyaka ngamnye. Malunga 12-13 mln. Iitoni sokungena wonke ngonyaka kunye kumazwe angaphandle, oko kukuthi, nama-4% yesityalo iyonke ehlabathini. Umzantsi Melika kunye Asia ke bathengisela eziphambili irayisi, naseYurophu - ongenisa.

irayisi nomlimi

Kuba unyango imbewu usebenzise indlela yokuhlela ekhethekileyo sahluli, ngoko ke imbewu avavanyelwe ukuntshula, kunye indices ngaphantsi kwe-90% kweenkozo ayifaneleki. kwiintsuku 5-8 ngaphambi ngokuhlwayela imbewu yomile elangeni, hlala nabo emanzini ashushu iintsuku 2-3, ngemva kudumba esomileyo flowability iqale ukuhlwayela ngendlela Eyona ndlela kwisityalo irayisi pre-lushushubezwa umhlaba kubunzulu-10 cm. igqalwa uqheliso ezivaliweyo Seeder flanged okanye plain zesiqhelo. Izisa iziphumo ezilungileyo indlela cross-oxwesileyo lokutyala irayisi. Used in waphuphuma isityalo imihlaba razbrosnoy ukusuka moya, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ahlwayele 150 ha ngosuku moya enye. Rice nayo likhule ukusuka izityalo. Ngale ndlela, baba eVietnam, China, Japan kunye namanye amazwe. Isithombo nenkcubeko ematyeni ico ezifumaneka kwi Azerbaijan.

Lonkcenkceshelo kunye nokugcinwa kwesityalo irayisi

Kukho 3 iindlela ukunkcenkceshela izityalo irayisi:

• nezikhukhula eqhubekayo - amanzi phezu entsimini ngelixesha ikhula entsimini;
• izikhukhula thumbanails - ekuqaleni nasekupheleni maleko amanzi kwezityalo akakho esikolweni;
• nezikhukhula uveza - ke inqanaba lamanzi igcinwa ixesha elithile.

okugaya ico ikakhulu kusetyenziswa izikhukula iyanqanyulwa. Kwimihlaba ezingekho saline ngamandla kwaye ucocekile noko evela ukhula, chitha ukunkcenkceshela emva kokutyala naphambi ekuntshuleni. Emva irayisi ibhokisi isithombo izele, kwaye ayikho kakhulu inwebu ezinkulu zamanzi lavunyelwa ngexesha tillering -. Malunga ne-5 cm inwebu amanzi koko yaba yintsimi-15 cm, yaye kweli nqanaba amanzi ukutyala Yanjengomthwebeba sivuthiwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ubonelelo lwamanzi yehliswe kancinane ukuya ekukhuleni umhlaba woma, yaye kwenzeka ukuqala kokuvuna. Kuba ukutshatyalaliswa lisiza, uneHIV okanye nomoya umhlaba eyomileyo endle rice. inokufumaneka iifoto yale nkqubo emininzi kweengcebiso zokunkcenkceshela zerayisi kunye nokhathalelo.

Technology irayisi kulinywe

Bonke-Union Research Institute of irayisi irayisi zokulima iteknoloji luphuhliswe, ngalo zingafunyanwa ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-4 ukuya kwelesi-6 kuzo umbona ha 1 nganye. Ithekhnoloji yenzelwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo nkcukacha zomhlaba, awohluke kwemozulu, emaXhoseni.

Kuba kwimimandla ekumzantsi kunye Krasnodar Territory kuphuhliswa 8 ubugcisa ezahlukeneyo ukuvelisa inkcubeko irayisi:

1. technology Basic, nto leyo iquka imisebenzi 66, ephelekwa izivuno eziphezulu zerayisi, kukho amafutha enkulu nezintsonkothe kakhulu.
2. Technique apho imbewu sihlwayelwa kubunzulu cm 4 okanye 5, yaye iquka imisebenzi 49. Isebenzisa pre-unyango umhlaba: isakhiwo Autumn kunye elimayo ekuqaleni.
3. Technology apho ukusebenza edibeneyo inkqubo lomhlaba: ulungelelwaniso micro-isiqabu, ukusetyenziswa izichumiso kunye imichiza, imbewu, kwaye onenombolo komhlaba.
4. Iteknoloji, elibalula ukuhlakula lincinane: kuba ayibandakanyi imisebenzi efana elima, disking, chizelevanie, isicwangciso sokusebenza, kokulima.
5. Technology, ezizodwa kwi iitsheki, ezele ngamanzi, okt apho endle irayisi akwenzeki ukuba zome entwasahlobo nasekwindla, kwakunye ngexesha lemvula kwixesha ukuhlwayela kunye nokulungiswa komhlaba.
6. technology Bezgerbitsidnaya evumela izenzo zezolimo ukuze kuliwe ukhula, izifo nezinambuzane.
7. Technology ngaphandle kokusebenzisa zinambuzane zokulinywa yerayisi yokudla.
8. Technology apho zonke iinkqubo amandla-kwaye nzima kakhulu zisebenza lokubolekwa CFS-3,6 no-CCF 3,6 kunye ikhuba-ol rotary 2.4. A isici esasenza yale ndlela elima egudileyo.