Imbali yoluntu: ncinane malunga neenkulungwane zokuqala zokuphila

Ngokutsho kweengqungquthela ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nezifundo, malunga neminyaka emithathu yezigidi edlulileyo (nangona enye imbali yoluntu ibiza amanye amanani), indoda yavela kwizilwanyana. Phantse iminyaka engama-35 eyiminyaka edlulileyo, ukubunjwa kwabantu banamhlanje kwaqala. Emashumi amathathu engamawaka kamva, imiphakathi yaqala ukuma kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.

Ukuba iimbali zoluntu zilingana neentsuku, ngoko ukususela kumzuzwana wokwakhiwa kweeklasi kwaye zithetha ixesha lethu, ngokwezenzululwazi, kuphela imizuzu emine kuphela iya kudlula.

Inkqubo yoqhagamshelwano yoluntu oluqhelekileyo yayiyona nqanaba elide kakhulu. Kwaphela malunga nesigidi seminyaka. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ixesha elifanelekileyo xa imbali yoluntu yaqala, kunzima ukubiza igama. Umda ophezulu (umgca wokugqibela) weenkqubo zokuqala zomphakathi ziyahlukahluka kwimida eyahlukileyo, kuxhomekeke kwilizwekazi. Ngokomzekelo, iiklasi e-Afrika nase-Asiya zaqala ukudala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-4-3. BC. E., eMelika - 1 in. BC. E.

Indlela umlando wabantu owaqala ngayo, kutheni kubonakala abantu bokuqala, phi na nini, kwenzeka ukuba imfihlakalo. Ngelishwa, akukho zikhumbuzo zala ma-eras.

Iiperiodization kwimbali yoluntu ngezohlukeneyo zenzululwazi zenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Kwaye abantu baseRoma baseTshayina nabasendulo bezafilosofi baseTshayina babesazi malunga nobudala beeminyaka emithathu : ubhedu (ubhedu), ilitye kunye nentsimbi. Kwiminyaka ye-19 kunye neyokuqala kwekhulu lama-20, le mihla yezinto zakudala yayisungulwa ngokwesayensi. Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu zithintela izigaba kunye namaxesha a maxesha.

I-Stone Age yahlala ixesha elide kunexesha lonke elilandelelanayo yoluntu loluntu. Ukwahlula kwiinqanaba ngaphakathi kweli xesha lisekelwe kwingxaki kunye nokutshintsha kwiifom zamatye.

Ubudala bamatye baqala ngePaleolithic (ilitye la mandulo), apho, izazinzulu zichaza isigaba sezantsi (ekuqaleni), esiphakathi nangaphezulu (kwexesha elide) Paleolithic.

Emva koko uqala uMgangatho woMgangatho ophakathi (ixesha lokutshintsha kweMesolithic). Eli xesha libizwa nangokuthi i-epipaleolitis (emva-paleolithic) okanye i-protoneolith (ngaphambili kwe-neolith). Abanye ababhali abakukhankanyi nhlobo.

Ubudala bomatye be-Neolithic (ubudala bamatye amatsha) buya kufika ekupheleni. Ekupheleni kweli xesha, izixhobo zokuqala zethusi zibonakala. Oku kubonisa ukubunjwa kwesigaba esikhethekileyo - i-Eneolithic (chalcolithic).

Isakhiwo senkqubela yangaphakathi yeenkulungwane ezilandelayo (ilitye elitsha, isinyithi kunye nebhedu) limelelwa ngokwahlukileyo ngabaphandi abahlukeneyo. Iinkcubeko ngaphakathi kwezigaba ngokwazo zihluke kakhulu.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto zezinto zakudala kusekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwiinkalo zobugcisa kwaye ngexesha elifanayo alinikanga ingcamango yokuveliswa kwemveliso ngokubanzi. Okwangoku, inkqubo yokwahlula kwinqanaba alingekho umhlaba jikelele.

Ezinye iinjongo ezincinci zikhoyo kwi-perioanthropological periodization system. Isekelwe kumgaqo wobomi bezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwale nkqubo yokuhlukana kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa, abaphandi baxoxa malunga nobukho bomdala (archanthropus), mandulo (paleanthropic), kunye ne-fossil yamanje (i-neanthropin). Nangona kukho iingongoma eziphikisanayo, inkqubo ye-paleoanthropological yokuhlukanisa uphuhliso lwabantu ngamanyathelo ngokufanayo kufana neenkqubo zakudala.

Ngexesha elifanayo, ezi zizodwa zeembali zembali yomntu aziyikulingana nokubaluleka kwenkqubo yokuhlukana kwabantu abedlulileyo. Ukuphuhliswa kwesikhokelo sobunzulu bokuqonda ukuphuhliswa komntu kuqala kuqala kuMorgan (wase-American ethnographer). Ngokuhambelana nokuhlukaniswa kwenkqubo yonke eyenziwe ngekhulu le-18 ukuya kwimihla yokuphuhliswa kwemimandla, ubundlobongela kunye nobuqhetseba, ngokuqwalasela izikhombisi zezinga lokuphuhliswa kwemveliso "yeendlela zokuphila," umthonyama we-American ethnographer uchongiwe kwixesha ngalinye eliphezulu, eliphakathi kunye nelisezantsi. Emva koko, i-Engels, idumisa le nkqubela, isishwankathelo.