Ingcamango "yentlalo yoluntu". Inkqubo yentlalontle yamaSlav yakudala, iKivanvan Rus

Into ebalulekileyo ekuqaliseni amandla osemthethweni abantu baseMandulo yaseRashi yayisithuba senkululeko yabo. Ngokusekelwe kulo, abantu babesahlukaniswe ngama-slave (makhoboka) kwaye bakhululekile. Ukongezelela, kukho iiklasi eziphakathi kwabantu abagqila. Babecingelwa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa eqinisweni babexhomekeka kwizoqoqosho (ityala okanye umhlaba). Ngenxa yoko, baqhubeka bephule amalungelo.

I ntlalo yoluntu

Le ngcamango ifaka umbutho woluntu, ochanekileyo ngezinga elithile lokuphuhliswa kwemveliso, kunye nokutshintshwa nokuhanjiswa kwemveliso. Ukongezelela, iimpawu zenkqubo yentlalo zixhomekeke ekuqapheliseni abantu kunye nezithethe, ezifakwe kwimithetho kwaye zikhuselwe nguRhulumente. Isakhiwo saso sinezinto eziliqela, kubandakanywa ubudlelwane bezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalontle kunye nolwalamasiko.

YaseRashiya yakudala

Kwii-annals ezishiyekileyo kubhaliwe ukuba ulawulo loluntu lwaseSlav, oluhlala kumazwe kwindawo yaseMpuma Yurophu yaseYurophu, lwaluyinxalenye yoluntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba onke amandla kunye nepropati zisezandleni ze-sergeant-major. AmaSlav aseMandulo athiwa yintsapho, ehlonipha ookhokho.

Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-VI, malunga nokuvela kwezixhobo ezenziwe ngetsimbi, kunye nokutshintshwa kwendawo yokulima ukutsalwa, ubudlelwane bokuqala baqala ukutshatyalaliswa. Ngoku kwafuneka ukuba kuhlanganiselwe iinzame zabo bonke amalungu entsapho ngaphandle kokungafani, ukuze kulawulwe ngempumelelo uqoqosho. Ngaloo ndlela, intsapho eyahlukileyo yafika ngaphambili.

Inkqubo yentlalontle ye- Slavs yaseMpuma yayihlala ishintsha. Kwixesha elide, uluntu lwaba ngumelwane okanye ummandla. Bawubamba ubunini bawo obufanayo bomhlaba ohlazileyo, amadlelo, amachibi kunye nomhlaba wehlathi. Ngoku iindidi ezahlukileyo zanikwa izabelo. Ezo ziqendu zomhlaba ohlawulekayo ababenokuzicwangcisa ngamandla abo kunye nezixhobo zabo zabasebenzi, beshiya malunga nesivuno sonke isivuno. Emva koko i-repartition yaphela, kwaye izabelo zadluliselwa kwipropati engunaphakade, ezahlukileyo iintsapho.

Ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwezixhobo zabasebenzi kubandakanya ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezingaphezulu kwemali, kwaye-ke ukuphuhliswa kwemvelo phakathi kweentsapho. Kule nkalo, ngokukhawuleza kwaqala ukuvela kwinkqubo entsha yentlalo yamaSlav, eyabangela ukuhlukana koluntu, ukungalingani kwepropati kunye nokuqokelela ngokubanzi kwimeko yabadala kunye nabanye abahloniphekileyo. Ngaloo xesha, iqumrhu eliphambili likarhulumente laliyi-veche, apho yonke imicimbi ebalulekileyo yagqitywa kunye. Kodwa kancane kancane yaqala ukulahlekelwa yintsikelelo yayo.

Njengoko kwaziwa, amaSlav aseMpuma ahlala alwa nabamelwane. Ukongezelela, babonakalisa ukuhlaselwa kweentlanga ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, ukubaluleka kwabalawuli, ababengabaphathi, baqala ukwanda. Babengabantu abakhulu abalawula iintlanga. Imveliso eyongeziweyo ivumele ukuba uluntu lwentloko lugcinwe kunye namagosa akhe athembekileyo. Kancinci, onke amandla kunye neninzi yobutyebi babegxila ezandleni zabo. Bamisela umhlaba kwaye babeka irhafu kubantu babo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwii-VIII-IX zekhulu leminyaka isakhiwo sentlalo yaseRussia yasendulo saqala ukutshintsha kwakhona. I-stratification yepropati ephilileyo yaqala ukunika iimfuneko zokulungiselela ukwakha urhulumente.

Amaqela aSeko

Isakhiwo sentlalo yaseKevan Rus sakhiwa ngamacandelo amane aphezulu abantu, ababizwa ngokuba ngabalawuli beentlanga, abahlali, abahlali kunye nabahlali (okanye abantu basezidolophini). Bonke babenamalungelo ahlukeneyo.

Ukwahlula kwabantu kwiiklasi, ngokweengxelo-nkoliso, kubonisa ubungqina bokukhawuleza kobudlelwane be-feudal. Ngaloo xesha, amalungu angaphambili akhululekile ebandleni ekugqibeleni abe ngabantu abaxhomekeke kuye. Ndimele ndithethe ukuba kule nqanaba yama-feudalism kwakungekabikho isisfowuni, nto leyo eyayibonisa ukunamathiselwa kwabasimili kwilizwe kunye nomntu kumnini.

Abantu abakhululekile

Inkqubo karhulumente kunye nentlalo yoluntu yaseKevan Rus yayiyinkosi yamandulo. Intloko kaRhulumente yayingu-Grand Duke, kwaye naye, wayephantsi kwamanye, amancinci. Kwaye kwaqhutywa iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo ukulungisa iingxabano phakathi kwabo, njengokwahlula okanye ukwabiwa komhlaba, kunye namacala aphathelene nokupheliswa koxolo okanye imfazwe.

Iinkosana zawulawula ngamagosa amagosa aqeqeshiweyo. Amajoni aqokelela umvuzo, kwaye ngenxa yeendleko zawo bafumana umxholo. Amagosa aphezulu aholwa yinkosana athathe inxaxheba ekudalweni kwemithetho aze angene naye kwibhunga elibizwa ngokuthi iDuma.

Umkhosi wasemkhosini wanikezwa imisebenzi yokuphatha, apho kuthethwa khona i-scheme yokulawula yesimali. Ngexesha elide, liya kuthatyathwa yinkqubo ye-patrimonial, ixhomekeke kumnini welizwe.

I-Druzhinniki yaba ngumnini-mhlaba kwaye bafumana uhlobo oluthile lokuzikhusela, okwabanika ilungelo lokulahla imimandla yabo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwimicimbi yabo yinkampani yokulawula.

Iiklasi zama-feudal amakhosi

Inkqubo yentlalontle eyayikhona ngelo xesha yayihlobo lwesitebhisi, ephezulu apho yayihlala khona isikhulu saseKiev kunye nabaphathi bakhe. Eyona nto inelungelo lokuba ukwazi. Kwaye, yahlula yaba ngamaqela amaninzi. Phakathi kwabo - inkwenkwezi. Lawa ngamagama asemaphandleni aphezulu asele umhlalaphantsi, emva kokukhonza njengoMkhulukazi waseKiev. Ukususela ngekhulu le-XI, baye baba ngabanini bomhlaba abanomdla. Baye bathatha inxaxheba kuorhulumente (ngokuqhelekileyo kwindima yabalawuli.)

Iinkosana zingumhlobo osondeleyo weNtloko kaRhulumente. Babengabeluleki bakhe bezopolitiko, kwaye baqulethwe ngokuba yiBhunga phantsi komphathi. Aba bantu abazange bahlawule impahla kwaye bahlala ngokuxhomekeka. Bayiyinzala yeenkosana ezinkulu nezilula, kunye nabadala bezizwe.

Ama-Ognischans abiza ngamagosa amakhulu achaphazelekayo ekulawuleni imimandla eyahlukeneyo yoqoqosho lwezoqoqosho.

Abantu abaholele imicimbi yabantu kunye nepropati yesikhulu, babizwa ngokuba ngabaphathi beenkosana, ngaba. Abakhonzi. Ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko zabo zomthetho, babekho kumgangatho wezikhoboka eziqhelekileyo.

Kwakukho nabantwana abancinci-amaqela amancinci amaqhawe aseGrand Duke. Babecingwa njengabanini-mhlaba be-feudal kwaye bathatha inxaxheba kurhulumente karhulumente.

Ilungelo eliphambili elithandwa ngabaphathi bezempi, okuyi-boyars, yayinobunikazi bomhlaba kunye ne-immunity ekhethekileyo, ukuvumela oku kulandelayo:

● ukungathobela kuphela abaphathi bamagunya, kodwa kunye neentambo zentsimi;

● ujonge inkxaso yenkampani yegunya;

● ukuhlawula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zerhafu nokuziphatha kweenkundla ngokubhekiselele kubantu abaxhomekeke kuyo.

Kamva, amanye amalungelo amaninzi okukhusela ubomi, impilo kunye nodumo kubhalwe kwiileta. Baye bafumaneka kwi-odolo ekhethekileyo yelifa, ngokubhekiselelwe kuyo ukuba loo propati ingadluliselwa kuphela kwindoda, kodwa nakwinkalo yabesifazane. Ukongezelela, uxanduva lokubulala lwaye lwanyuka kakhulu, apho kwaphawulwa ukuba ubomi benkosi ye-feudal bubiza i-hryvnias engama-80.

Abemi abaxhomekeke kuyo

Njengoko sele sele saziwa, ukuhlelwa kwentlalo ye-Slavs yaseMpuma kwatshintshile kancane, okwabangela ukucwangciswa kwayo kunye nokuhlula kwiiklasi. Kukho umntu oxhomekeke kuyo, owaquka ama-smerds, ukuthenga kunye ne-randovichi. Kwakuyinxalenye enkulu yabemi baseMandulo yaseRashi.

Iindidi zazibizwa ngokuba ngama-communes akhululekileyo. Babenempahla nelilungelo lokulidlulisela ngelifa, kwaye banokungena kwisitalathisi. Abo bawenza lolwaphulo-mthetho babefanele bahlawule ixabiso ngokupheleleyo. Babenelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kumatyala omabili njengommangali kunye nofakazi okanye ummangalelwa.

Ukuthenga kwaba ngabadlali, ngokuthe ngandlela-thile babanjwe ngokuxhomekeka kwiimali zabo kubabolekisi. Kwafuneka basebenze baze bahlawule ityala. Iinkqubo zithengwa iipropati zabo, zizuzwe njengezihlobo zabo, kodwa izikweletu zabo azihanjiswanga. Baya kugqiba iimvumelwano kwaye baqhutywe ngamacala obugebengu, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kumatyala kwinxaxheba yommangalelwa kunye nommangali. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthenga akuzange kunelungelo lokushiya umnotho-mboleki okanye ukwenqaba ukuyisebenzela. Ukungathobeli kwahlwaywa kubukhoboka. Ukufunyanwa kwakhona kwakungenakufaka ubungqina kwiindlebe zenkundla, kuba wayexhomekeke kumboleki.

Inkqubo yentlalontle, ngokusekelwe kwimimiselo yomthetho, yenze iimeko ekuthengwa ngazo. Eyokuqala kwezi zibuyiselwa ngetyala. Iyesibini ikhutshwa kwisigqibo senkundla, ukuba umboleki-mali uyayidlulisela uxanduva lomntu onetyala kumntu wesithathu. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ekugqibeleni, xa kuthengwa kuthengiswa ngumboleki.

Abacebisi babiza ababolekisi abathi, ngokukhuseleka kwenkululeko yabo, abazange bathathe imali, kodwa naziphi na izinto.

Abemi Bamahhala

Ulwakhiwo loluntu lwe-Ancient Rus luhlelwe ngendlela ebenokuthi ibe neklasi labantu abadibeneyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye baxotshiwe. Bathiwa ngamakhoboka. Babengenalo ilungelo lomthetho lomntu kunye nepropati. Babecatshangelwa bengenakufaneleka kwaye babengenalo ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kumatyala kwaye babanjwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Kwakukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba abantu beba ngamakhoboka (amakhoboka):

● Ngobubulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ubuncinane omnye wabazali bekhoboka, ngoko umntwana naye waba khoboka.

● Umtshato kwikhoboka.

● Ukuzithengisa. Kule nto, uxwebhu lwakhiwe, olusayinwe ngamangqina.

● Ukuthathwa ngexesha lokulwa.

● Balekela ukuthenga. Kule meko, yonke intsapho yajika yaba ngamakhoboka.

● Icala lolwaphulo-mthetho elihlawulwa ngokutshatyalaliswa kwepropati. Ukongeza, yonke intsapho yaba ngamakhoboka. Isijeziso esinjalo sasibekwa ukubulala, ukuphanga, ukutshitshisa, ukutshiza ihashe kunye nokutshatyalaliswa.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo yentlalo ye-Kievan Rus kunye nemithetho yayo ayizange ivumele i-serfs ukuba ikhululeke. Ngaphezu koko, ukuyikhulula inkululeko yabonwa njengento ehlaselayo kubantu abakhululekileyo. Okukuphela kwento enokuba yinto yokuba ikhoboka lalinomntwana enkosini yakhe. Yaye xa umnini efile, waba ngumntu okhululekileyo.

Abemi be sixeko

Inkqubo yentlalo, eyakhiwa kumazwe aseRussia ngaloo mihla, yayicinga ukuba ukungabi nendawo yesiphaluka kwiidolophu. Iindawo zasePasad zazinobulungisa ngokusemthethweni. Kwiminyaka ye-XII kuphela kwidolophu yasezidolophini kwaqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokuqhawulwa (ukuhlukana) kubemi kwisakhiwo.

Abantu baqala ukwahlula ngamaqela amabini: abadala kunye abamnyama. Ookuqala babengabarhwebi kunye "neendwendwe" ezibandakanyeka kurhwebo lwangaphandle, kunye nabakhweli beesibini. Inkqubo yentlalontle kunye nezoqoqosho iqala ukuvela, phantsi kokungalingani komthetho kwizixeko. Ngelo xesha, abamnyama bangathumela kumabutho omkhosi okanye kwimisebenzi kawonkewonke ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Ukuvela kwezixeko

Ngexesha lokuvela kunye nokuphuhliswa okuqhubekayo kwenkqubo ye-feudal, inxalenye yabaculi ababeyinxalenye yoluntu yaqala ukuxhomekeka kubanini-mhlaba abanotyebi. Abanye baqala ukuhamba kwiidolophana zabo bahamba kwindawo entsha yokuhlala. Bahlala phantsi kweendonga zenkqantosi nezindonga. Ngoko, inkqubo yentlalo yaseRussi izaliswe ngenye iqela labantu-dolophu okanye abantu basezidolophini.

Indlela yokuphila kule mimandla yayihluke kakhulu kwindlela yendabuko eyahlukileyo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Esikhundleni sehlabathi elinemihlaba engapheliyo, izigodo kunye namahlathi angenakunqandwa, indawo ekhuselekileyo eneendawo ezinqabileyo, eyokuqala emele uhlobo lokulawulwa komyalelo kunye nomthetho.

Phantse phakathi kwe-X leminyaka, xa ukuqinisekiswa kwelizwe elidala laseRussia laqala, ukuhlala kwidolophini kwafumana amandla okwenza imisebenzi yokuphatha nempi kuphela. Ngokumkelwa kobuKristu kwaqala ukubonakala kunye namaziko enkcubeko.

Inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nentlalo yoluntu yaseRussi ibandakanyeke kakhulu ukuphuhliswa nokuphuhliswa kwezixeko ezifana neKiev naseNovgorod. Uphando lwezinto zakudala kunye nokuphanda kuqinisekisa ukuba le mimandla yayisungule isakhiwo, apho kwakukho uxinzelelo lwamandla, ukulawulwa kwecawa, kunye nazo zonke izakhiwo ezifunekayo.

Ulawulo lukaRhulumente

Inkqubo yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko ye-Kievan Rus ingabizwa ngokuba ngumbuso wamandulo, ekubeni intloko yelizwe yayingumlawuli omnye, iGrande Duke. Kwizandla zakhe kwakugxilwe ngamandla omthetho, wasungula irhafu kwaye wasombulula yonke into ebalulekileyo yemali. Nguye uMkhulu waseDuke owayeyinhloko yenkqubo yokulawula urhulumente kunye nejaji ephakamileyo, kwaye wayala imiyalelo yakhe kwimikhosi yakhe.

Ukongezelela, le ncwadana ibandakanye nezinye iindlela:

● IBhunga phantsi komphathi. Wayebhekwa njengegunya elingagunyazisiweyo kwaye lenziwa yimikhosi yempi - abagadi abaphezulu, abameli beefundisi eziphezulu, abadala beedolophu, njl.

● Veche. Eli ligunya eliphezulu elisemthethweni kweli lizwe, eliququzelelwe ngabemi bakhululekile. I-Veche ingadibaniswa kokubili kumgangatho kazwelonke nakwizinga eliphantsi. Ubuchule bakhe buquka imiba yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi nakwamanye amazwe. Igunya leempembelelo ze-veche lihlala lixhomekeke kumandla okanye ubuthathaka bombutho wesikhulu.

● Iindibano ze-Feudal. Bazisombulula imibuzo eyahlukeneyo malunga nolwalamano phakathi kweenkosana. Kwinqanaba lokuqala loo nhlangano yenzeke ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XI. Iindibano zingaba ngumlingiswa wesizwe okanye zidibene kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

Ubungqina obucacileyo bokuthi inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nentlalo yoluntu yaseKivanvan Rus yayisisigxina sokumkani owangaphambili. Yena ngokwakhe kunye nezigqibo zakhe ngandlela-thile zixhomekeke kubalingane abasondeleyo, kwakunye nakwi-veche nakwezinye iintlanganiso. Le meko ibangelwa kukuba i-central central and territorial administrations yayinxulumene kakhulu. Le ndlela yeenkokheli zombuso yayisisigaba sokuqala sokuphuhliswa kobukhosi.