Yintoni uhlalutyo fluorescence X-ray?

XRD (uhlalutyo fluorescence X-ray) - indlela uhlalutyo ngokwasemzimbeni, nto leyo ebonisa ngqo phantse zonke izinto imichiza e engumgubo, engamanzi kunye nezinto okuqinileyo.

indlela yokusebenzisa

Le ndlela sikhona yonke, kuba isekelwe ukulungiselela isampula fast and kulula. Ndafumana indlela esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino kunye nophando. X-reyi Uhlalutyo fluorescence indlela unalo ithuba kakhulu, ilincedo uhlalutyo entsonkothileyo kakhulu izinto ezahlukeneyo kokusingqongileyo, kwakunye nangexesha lokubhalwa ulawulo umgangatho output kwaye ekuhlalutyeni iimveliso wayigqiba nezinto ekrwada.

indaba

Uhlalutyo fluorescence X-ray wachazwa okokuqala ngo-1928 zizazinzulu ezimbini - Glocker kunye Schreiber. Esi sixhobo ngokwayo wamisa kuphela ngowe-1948, oosonzululwazi Friedman Burkes. Ngenxa kakutsha, bona babe counter Geiger, eyabonisa uvakalelo oluphezulu ngokumalunga nenani atom ongundoqo element.

Helium okanye indawo emoyeni inkqubo yophando yayisetyenziswa ngo-1960. Sasihamba ngazo ukuya ukumisela izinto ukukhanya. Kwakhona ndaqalisa ukusebenzisa ziikristale lwe Lithium fluoride. We wona diffraction. Rhodium kunye chromium ityhubhu sasetyenziselwa ukwenzela waveband excitation.

Si (Li) - lithium ukuphaphatheka lesilicon tshin lwasungulwa 1970. Inika uvakalelo oluphezulu lwe data kwaye ayifuni ukusetyenziswa sokubumba. Nangona kunjalo, isigqibo amandla le yunithi kubi.

Automated yinxalenye zohlalutyo kunye nokulawula inkqubo wadlula imoto kunye kokufika kweekhompyutha. Management yaqhuba yephaneli isixhobo okanye ibhodi enezitshixo zokuchwetheza computer. Devices for analysis of ezifunyenwe ukuze ngokubanzi zithandwa ukuba iqukwe mission "Apollo 15" yaye "Apollo 16".

Okwangoku, izitishi isithuba kwaye neenqanawa waqalisa isithuba, baxhotyiswa ezi zixhobo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukufumanisa nokuhlalutya ukwakhiwa eekhemikhali nasemaweni ezinye iiplanethi.

Kakuhle eli indlela

ISISHWANKATHELO Uhlalutyo XRF kukuba ukwenza uhlalutyo emzimbeni. Ukuba sihlaziye lo ndlela ukuba imizimba njengoko ngqwabalala (iglasi, intsimbi, iiseramikhi, amalahle, engxondorheni, iplastiki) kunye ulwelo (i-oyile, ipetroli, izisombululo, ipeyinti, iwayini kunye negazi). Le ndlela ivumela ukumisela kungomlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu, kwinqanaba PPM (inxalenye enye lezigidi zeetoni). Ezinkulu, ukuya kwi-100% ye bebekwisampulu, bayababoleka ngokwabo yophando.

Olu hlahlelo is a fast, ekhuselekileyo kunye non-entshabalalo kokusingqongileyo. It has reproducibility ephakamileyo ukuchaneka kwedatha. Le ndlela ivumela semi-nangokobungakanani, ngokomgangatho nangokobungakanani ukubona zonke izinto ukuba kwisampulu.

Kakuhle eli X-ray analysis fluorescence ndlela ilula kwaye gca. Ukuba ushiya bucala lwesigama uzama ukucacisa indlela kulula, kuvela. Loo Uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngokwesiseko uthelekiso kwimitha, efunyanwa zokukhanya ye atom.

Kukho iseti data eqhelekileyo ukuba sele kwaziwa. Ukuthelekisa iziphumo nezi data, abaphengululi bagqiba ukuba yinxalenye yesampula.

Ekunyaniseni nokufikeleleka kwezixhobo mihla ukuvumela ukuba isicelo nabo ngokwemiqathango wokuhlola kwamanzi, isithuba, izifundo ezahlukeneyo kwinkalo inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa.

isimiso ukusebenza

Le ndlela isekelwe phezu uhlalutyo spectrum leyo ifunyenwe kukungakhuseleki ukuya izinto zivavanywayo, X-reyi.

Ngexesha zokukhanya ingaphezulu ibe karhulumente yimincili, nto leyo sikhatshwa ukutshintshwa electron kumanqanaba umyinge wemali ukuze eliphezulu. Kule meko, i-atom lixesha elifutshane kakhulu, malunga 1 microsecond, uze emva koko ubuyela karhulumente phantsi (indawo cwaka) yayo. Ngeli xesha, electron kwi kweqokobhe yokwaleka, ezele okanye isithuba esingenamntu ezingenamntu, kunye namandla excess eveliswa ngokohlobo photons okanye ezinye elektroni amandla zesini, ibekwe kwi kweqokobhe langaphandle (ebizwa ngokuba sokubhola electron). Ngeli xesha, atom ngasinye yamkhulula amandla photoelectron elinexabiso engqongqo. Ngokomzekelo, nentsimbi zokukhanya ngu-X-reyi okhupha photons alinganayo Ka okanye 6.4 keV. Ngako oko, inani ufaka amandla kwaye kunokubonwa kwi isakhiwo mbandela.

umthombo radiation

X-reyi Uhlalutyo fluorescence indlela ngentsimbi njengomthombo xa ephilisa kusebenzisa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo izinto ezahlukeneyo, kwaye neetyhubhu X-ray. Kwilizwe ngalinye, iimfuno ezahlukeneyo ukususwa yokungenisa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo esikhupha, ngokulandelelanayo, kumashishini izixhobo ukhetha ukusebenzisa x-reyi ityhubhu.

ngemibhobho anjalo zombini nobhedu, nesilivere, rhodium, molybdenum okanye enye anode. Kwezinye iimeko, le anode ikhethwe ngokuxhomekeke msebenzi.

Yangoku kunye ombane beengxenye ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswayo ezahlukileyo. izinto Ukukhanya kwanele ukuba iphande 10kV ombane, enzima - 40-50 kW, eliphakathi - 20-30 kV.

Ngexesha isifundo lweziqalelo ukukhanya negalelo elikhulu malumga unalo esibhakabhakeni. Ukunciphisa le isiphumo isampulu ukwigumbi ekhethekileyo ibekwe kwindawo emoyeni okanye izele helium. uluhlu yimincili abhalise isixhobo okhethekileyo - tshin. On Isisombululo indlela high ecacicleyo le kakutsha kuxhomekeke ekuchanekeni ukwahlulwa photons ngezinto ezahlukeneyo enye kwenye. Ngubani na isisombululo ichanekileyo kwi 123 eV. X-reyi Uhlalutyo fluorescence isixhobo, le Uluhlu uphakamisa kwi-100%.

Xa similise ukubetha kwentliziyo photoelectron ombane leyo kuthiwa elektroniki ukubalwa ekhethekileyo, oko idluliselwe kwi computer. Xa aphakeme kule spectrum, esalinikwayo uhlalutyo fluorescence X-ray, kulula ukuba ukufumanisa ngokomgangatho zeziphi iziqalelo utya LB wafunda isampula. Ukuze ikwazi ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba isiqulatho ubuninzi, kufuneka bafunde uluhlu afunyenwe kwi ucwangciso olukhethekileyo ekulinganisweni. Le program yakhiwe kwangaphambili. Ukulungiselela le njongo, iisampulu zovavanyo, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze eyaziwa kwangaphambili ngokuchanileyo eliphezulu.

Ngamafutshane, kwiinkalo kweziphumo iziyobisi lovavanyo luthelekiswa kunye phawu eyaziwa. Ngaloo ukufumana ingcaciso malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku loVAVANYO kweziyobisi.

amathuba

X-reyi Uhlalutyo fluorescence ndlela ivumela uhlalutyo:

• iisampuli, ubukhulu okanye ubunzima okungenamsebenzi (100-0,5 mg);
• Imida zokunciphisa onzima (1-2 imiyalelo sezingeni ngaphantsi RFA);
• uhlalutyo kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindidi ngeendidi ufaka amandla.

Ebubanzini isampula, nto leyo phantsi uphando, kufuneka ungabi ngaphezu kwe-1 mm.

Kwimeko Kwakule sampulu ubungakanani kunokoyiswa iinkqubo lesibini kwisampula, kuquka:

• Compton uchitha ezininzi, nto leyo eyinxalenye efikelela ukukhanya mastritsah eliyincopho;
• bremsstrahlung of photoelectrons (kunegalelo ithafa ngasemva);
• excitation phakathi lweziqalelo, kwaye ukufakwa fluorescence, nto leyo endinga interelement ulungiso spectra ngexesha processing.

bobubi

Enye ezingalunganga ezinkulu - xaka, nto leyo sikhatshwa ulungiselelo leesampuli ezingcakacileyo, kwakunye neemfuno engqongqo isakhiwo eziphathekayo. Kuba isampuli bokufunda kufuneka ibe ubukhulu bamagaqa entle kakhulu kwaye ukufana eliphezulu.

Enye ethile kukuba le ndlela ibotshelelwe ngamandla nemigangatho (iisampuli reference). Olu phawu kuqhelekile kuzo zonke iindlela non-yingozi.

indlela isicelo

Uhlalutyo fluorescence X-ray sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezininzi. Oku kusetyenziswa kuphela yenzululwazi, okanye emsebenzini, kodwa endle inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa.

Lusetyenziswa:

• Ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo eziphilayo kumhlaba ukufumanisa izinyithi enzima, kwakunye ukubona emanzini, intlenga, olutshizwa ezahlukeneyo;
• Mineralogy and Geology wenziwe uhlalutyo ubuninzi nobulunga yezimbiwa, imihlaba, namatye;
• kwishishini le acid kunye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi - ukulawula umgangatho izinto, iimveliso igqityiwe inkqubo yemveliso;
• Paint Industry - ahlalutye ipeyinti lead;
• kushishino ubucwebe - yokulinganisa lwee- lwesinyithi ezixabisekileyo;
• kushishino oyile - ukumisela ngesidanga kungcoliseko yeoli kunye zamafutha;
• yokudla - kumiselwa lwesinyithi namachiza ekutyeni kunye nokutya izithako;
• ezolimo - ukuhlalutya izinto umkhondo kwimihlaba ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye iimveliso zezolimo;
• Ugrumbo - ukuqhuba uhlalutyo kwiziqalelo ezingenamandla, kwakunye Ukuhlaziya lo, uyafumana;
• art - olwenziwe imifanekiso sifundo, imizobo, aqhube i zoviwo izinto kunye nokuhlaziywa kwazo.

Gostovskaya yokuhlala

X-reyi Uhlalutyo fluorescence of GOST 28033 - 89 ulawulo ukususela 1989. Olu xwebhu yonke imibuzo emalunga nenkqubo mayicaciswe gca. Phezu kwako nje ukuba kule minyaka kubekho amanyathelo abaninzi kuphuculo indlela, uxwebhu esasebenza.

Ngokutsho GOST ukuseka ubudlelwane izinto zokufunda share. Idatha eboniswe kule theyibhile.

Itheyibhile 1. Ukuhambelana amaqhezu mass

Inkangeleko yomba okhethiweyo	iqhekeza Mass,%
sulphur	Ukususela 0,002 ukuya 0,20
electronic	"0.05" 5.0
molybdenum	"0.05" 10.0
Titan	"0,01" 5.0
ayibe	"0.05" 20,0
chrome	"0.05" 35,0
ukrweco	"0,01" 2.0
manganese	"0.05" 20,0
vanadium	"0,01" 5.0
Tungsten	"0.05" 20,0
phosphorus	"0,002" 0,20

Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa

X-reyi Uhlalutyo fluorescence ecacicleyo olwenziwa usebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo, iindlela kunye neendlela. Phakathi ubuchule kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa GOST ezidweliswe:

• spectrometers kwamajelo kunye yabavavanyi;
• Elihle-sanding umatshini (besila-besila, 3B634 uhlobo);
• Umphezulu lokusila umatshini (model 3E711V);
• iqhosha lemenyu-ukusika umatshini (model 16P16).
• ukusika disc (GOST 21963);
• elektrokorundovye amavili esirhabaxa (50 uhlalutye lungu yodongwe, lukhuni St2, GOST 2424);
• Ukugaya kwesikhumba (iphepha, Type 2, i-WO-140 grade (P6), i-WO-240 (P8), BSH200 (P7), edidekile - eqhelekileyo, grainy 50-12, GOST 6456);
• Technical ethyl utywala (kuyalungiswa, GOST 18300);
• argon-methane umxube.

Iindwendwe zivumelekile, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto kunye nezixhobo eziza kunika uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo.

Ukulungiswa kunye nokukhethwa iisampuli ngokwe GOST

X-reyi Uhlalutyo fluorescence zesinyithi phambi kuvavanyo kubandakanya ukulungiselela ezizodwa iisampuli uphando olunzulu.

Uqeqesho lwenziwa ngendlela efanelekileyo:

1. Imiphezulu ukuba okufakwe, ulilolile. Ukuba kukho imfuneko, wazisula notywala.
2. Isampulu angenziwa licinezelwe nxamnye kwisamkeli lokuvula. Ukuba kumphezulu isampuli asanelanga, izithintelo ezikhethekileyo isicelo.
3. Le spectrometer ilungele ukusebenza ngokungqinelana nemiyalelo yokusebenzisa.
4. X-reyi spectrometer ukuba lihlelwe kusetyenziswa isampula esezantsi, engqamana GOST 8,315. Kwakhona ekulinganisweni Ungasebenzisa isampuli eyohlobo olulodwa.
5. lokulinganisa Primary ikhutshwa phandle ubuncinane izihlandlo ezihlanu. Xa oku kwenziwe ngexesha nokusebenza spectrometer ngeentsuku ezahlukeneyo.
6. Xa uqhuba calibrations ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa iiseti ezimbini ekulinganisweni.

Uhlalutyo kweziphumo kunye nokuphathwa

XRF Indlela ngokutsho GOST kubandakanya inani uphumezo engumzekelo imilinganiselo emibini ukufumana umqondiso zicazulule isiqalelo ngasinye phantsi kolawulo.

Kuvumelekile ukuba usebenzise ibinzana lweziphumo zohlalutyo kunye nokungangqinelani ngokwemilinganiso ngaxeshanye. Isikali iiyunithi ebonisa idatha bafumana usebenzisa iimpawu gradirovochnyh.

Ukuba umahluko kune umlinganiselo avumelekile ebandakanyekayo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuphinda uhlalutyo.

Unako ukwenza sokuthatha. Kulo mzekelo, ukufana iinkalo ezimbini kuthelekiswa isampulu yaloo bhetshi zihlalutywe.

Isiphumo sokugqibela kuthathwa imin lokubala eliguqukayo imilinganiselo emibini eyenziwa ngokunxuseneyo, okanye imilinganiselo omnye kuphela isiphumo.

Ukuxhomekeka kweziphumo ezivela umgangatho isampuli

Ngokuba umda Uhlalutyo rentgenfluorestsentnogo ngayo kuphela malunga into apho isakhiwo element ibanjiwe. Izinto ezahlukeneyo isakhelo ubhaqo oluninzi ngezinto ezahlukeneyo.

A indima enkulu lungadlala inani atom, yona element. Ceteris paribus nzima ngakumbi ukumisela izinto yokukhanya kunye inzima - lula. Ukongeza, le nto kulula ukuqonda isizalo ekukhanyeni, kunokuba kakhulu.

Ngako oko, indlela kuxhomekeka kumgangatho isampuli kuphela kangangokuba element singaqulatha kumafa yayo.