Ookumkani baseRashiya. Imbali yookumkani baseRashiya. I-Tsar Yokugqibela yaseRashiya

Ifom yesiko eRashiya ngubukhosi. Xa inxalenye yaleli lizwe likhulu liyingxenye yeKevan Rus: izixeko eziphambili (eMoscow, Vladimir, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Ryazan) zisekwe zikhulu, inzala yeRurik. Ngenxa yoko, ubukhosi bokuqala bubizwa ngokuba yiRurik. Kodwa babembethe isihloko seenkosana, ookumkani baseRashiya babonakala kamva.

Ixesha le-Kievan Rus

Ekuqaleni, umbusi waseKiev wayebhekwa njengoMkhulukazi waseRussia. Amakhoboka athile amhlawula umvuzo, wamthobela, wabonisa i-squads ngexesha lomkhosi. Kamva, xa ixesha lesahlulo se-feudal (leshumi elinanye ukuya kwele-15 leminyaka) lafika, kwakungekho nanye. Kodwa yonke into yayingesihlalo sobukhosi seKieya ngokwawo esasifuneka kubo bonke, nangona ilahlekelwe yimpembelelo yayo yangaphambili. Ukuhlasela koMbutho waseMongol-Tatar kunye nokusekwa nguBatu we-Golden Horde kwandisa ukuhlukaniswa kwenkqutyana nganye: kwintsimi yabo, amazwe ahlukeneyo-i-Ukraine, iBelarus neRashiya-yaqala ukusekwa. Kwimihlaba yanamhlanje yaseRashiya, iidolophu ezinamandla kuninzi ziyiVladimir noNovogorod (akuzange ihlupheke nakubonke ukusuka ekuhlaselweni kwabantu abatyunjiweyo).

Imbali yooKumkani baseRashiya

UVladimir uNkosana Ivan Kalita, ecela inkxaso ye-Uzbek khan (kunye nobudlelwane obuhle naye), wathumela umnotho omkhulu wezopolitiko kunye neecawa eMoscow. Kwixesha elide, i- Grand Dukes yaseMoscow yabumbana namanye amazwe aseRashiya kufuphi nesixeko sawo: iiphabliki zaseNovogorod ne-Pskov zaba yinxalenye yombuso omnye. Kwakuloo ndlela ke ookumkani baseRashiya babonakala-okokuqala ngqa bebanjwe ngu- Ivan the Terrible. Nangona kukho umlando wokuthi ubukhosi bobukhosi babanikezelwa kubalawuli beli lizwe ngaphambili. Kukholelwa ukuba i-1 tsar yaseRashiya nguVladimir Monomakh, owayenomqhele wezithethe zaseByzantine.

U-Ivan othukayo - owokuqala umbuso waseRashiya

Ngoko, ookumkani bokuqala baseRashiya babonakala beza kumandla kaJohn the Terrible (1530-1584). Wayenguye unyana kaBasil III noHelen Glinsky. Ukuba ngumthetheli waseMoscow kakhulu kusasa, waqala ukuphumeza ukulungiswa kwemithetho, wakhuthaza u-self-rhu lumente kwinqanaba lendawo. Nangona kunjalo, wagqithisa uGrace otyunjwe waza waqala ukuzilawula. Ulawulo lokumkani lwaluqine kakhulu, kwaye ludla. Umzila we-Novgorod, ukugqithisa kwiTver, Klin naseTorzhok, i-oprichnina, iimfazwe ezide zikhokelela kwiinkxwaleko zentlalo nezopolitiki. Kodwa impembelelo yamazwe ngamazwe ubukumkani obutsha yanda, kwaye imida yayo yanda.

Ukutshintshwa kwetrone yaseRashiya

Ngokufa kuka-Ivan unyana kaTrible - uFyodor owokuQala - ubukhosi bamaRurikites beka . Ubukhosi buka-Godunov bubukhosi e troneni. UBoris Godunov ngethuba lobomi bukaFedor Owokuqala waba nempembelelo enkulu kwi-tsar (udadewabo u-Irina Feodorovna wayengumfazi wekosi) kwaye empeleni wabusa ilizwe. Kodwa unyana kaBoris - u-Fyodor II - akazange akwazi ukugcina amandla ezandleni zakhe. Ixesha leengxaki laqala, kwaye ilizwe lalawulwa ngethuba elithile ngo-False Dmitry, Vasily Shuisky, uSemiboyarschina kunye neZemsky soviet. Emva kwetrone, uRomanovs wabusa.

Ubukhosi obukhulu bookumkani baseRussia - iRomanovs

Ukuqala kwendibano entsha yombuso yabekwa nguMikhail Fedorovich, owanyulwa esihlalweni sobukhosi nguZemsky Sobor. Oku kuphelisa ixesha lembali, elibizwa ngokuba yiengxaki. Indlu yaseRomanovs yintsimi yeTsar eyayibusa eRussia de ibe ngowama-1917 kunye nokuchithwa kobukumkani kweli lizwe.

UMikhail Fedorovich wayefana neentsapho zaseRashiya ezindala, ezazala igama leRomanov phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesithandathu. Ukhokho wakhe ngu-Andrei Ivanovich Kobyl, onguyise oya eRashiya evela eLithuania okanye ePrussia. Kukho uluvo lokuba wayevela kuNovgorod. Oonyana abahlanu bakaAndrei Kobyl basungula iinyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo. Ummeli wendlu - u-Anastasia Romanovna Zakharina - wayengumfazi ka-Ivan IV onyantyantyala, lowo inkosi esanda kuzalwa yayingumntakwabo.

Iintlars zaseRashiya ezivela endlwini yaseRomanovs ziye zayeka iingxaki kwilizwe, kunokuba zifanelwe uthando kunye nentlonipho yabantu abaqhelekileyo. UMikhail Fedorovich ngexesha lokunyulwa kwetrone wayemncinci kwaye ongenamava. Ekuqaleni, umdala omkhulu uMarta noPatriciary Filaret wamnceda ukuba awulewule , ngoko iSonto leOthodoki laliqinisa ngakumbi izikhundla zalo. Ukulawula kweyokuqala kweTar evela kwintando yaseRomanov ibonakala ngokuqala kwenkqubela. Iphephandaba lokuqala lavela kweli lizwe (linikezelwa ngamabhalana alo ngokukhethekileyo ngombuso), izibophelelo zamazwe ngamazwe zaqiniswa, amafemu (ukutshiza i-iron-smelting, ukwakheka kwesebe kunye nokwenza izixhobo) kwakhiwa kwaye kusebenza, iingcali zezinye izizwe zatsalwa. Amandla amakhulu akomeleza, imimandla emitsha ijoyina iRashiya. Umfazi wakhe wanikela uMikhail Fedorovich abantwana abalishumi, omnye wabo owawuzuze itrone.

Ukusuka kookumkani kubalawuli. UPetros Omkhulu

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, uPetros Omkhulu waguqula ubukumkani bakhe ebukumkanini. Ngoko ke emlandweni onke amagama ookumkani baseRashiya awalawula emva kwakhe sele esetyenziswe ngesihloko somlawuli.

Umguquleli omkhulu kunye nepolitiki obalaseleyo, wenza okuninzi ukuphumelela kweRashiya. Ibhodi yaqala ngomzabalazo onamandla wetrone: uyise, uAlexei Mikhailovich, wayenomdla kakhulu. Okokuqala wabusa kunye nomntakwabo u-Ivan kunye nentombi yaseburhulumenteni uSophia, kodwa ubudlelwane babo abuzange bongeze. Ukususa abanye abazenzayo etroneni, uPetros waqala ukulawula uhulumeni wedwa. Emva koko waqalisa iinjongo zempi ukuze aqinisekise ukufikelela kweRashiya elwandle, wakha iinqwelo zokuqala, wavuselela umkhosi, waqasha iingcali zelizwe langaphandle. Ukuba ama-tsars amakhulu aseRussia ayengayikhokhanga ngokwaneleyo imfundo yezifundo zabo, umbusi uPetros Omkhulu ngokwakhe wathumela abantu abahloniphekileyo ukuba bafunde kwamanye amazwe, baqine ngokukhawuleza abachasayo. Elizweni lakhe, wayilungisa indlela yaseYurophu, njengoko wayehamba kakhulu kwaye wabona indlela abantu abahlala ngayo.

U-Nikolay Romanov - ukumkani wokugqibela

Umlawuli wokugqibela waseRashiya nguNikolai II. Wafumana imfundo enhle kwaye akhuliswe ngokunyanisekileyo. Uyise - uAlexandre WesiThathu - wayefuna ukuba: kubantwana bakhe wayelindele ukuba kungekho ukuthobela okukhulu, isizathu esinjalo, ukholo oluqinileyo kuThixo, ukuzingela umsebenzi, ngokukodwa abazange banyamezele ukugxekwa kwabantwana. Umlawuli wexesha elizayo wakhonza kwiGeor Preobrazhensky, ngoko wayesazi kakuhle ukuba impi nemicimbi yempi. Ngethuba lokulawula kwakhe, ilizwe liphuhlise ngokukhawuleza: uqoqosho, imboni, ezolimo, zifikelele kwinani lazo. I-tsar yokugqibela yaseRussia ithathe inxaxheba kwizopolitiko ngamazwe ngamazwe, yenze iinguqulelo kweli lizwe, iyanciphisa ixesha leenkonzo emkhosini. Kodwa naye wenza iinjongo zakhe zempi.

Ukuwa kobukhosi eRashiya. Ngowe-Oktobha Revolution

Ngomhla kaFebruwari 1917, iimbambano zaqala eRashiya, ngokukodwa kwi-capital. Ilizwe ngelo xesha lithatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala. Ufuna ukuphelisa ukuphikisana ekhaya, umbusi, ngoxa wayekho ngaphambili, wayenqwenela ukunyanzela unyana wakhe omncinci, kwaye emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa wenza okufanayo egameni lika-Tsarevich Alexei, eyala umzalwana wakhe ukuba abuse. Kodwa uMkhulu uDuke uMichael wayenqabileyo inhlonipho enjalo: amaBolsheviks avukelayo ayesele axinzelele kuye. Emva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo, i-tsar yokugqibela yaseRashiya yabanjwa kunye nentsapho yayo yathunyelwa ekuthinjweni. Ngobusuku obu-17 ukuya kwe-18 kuJulayi kunyaka owe-1917, ubukumkani, kunye nomkhonzi owayengafuni ukushiya amakhosi akhe, wadutshulwa. Kwakhona, bonke abameli bezindlu zaseRomanovs, abahlala kweli lizwe, babhujiswa. Abanye baye bakwazi ukufudukela eBrithani enkulu, eFransi, eMelika, kunye nentsapho yabo ehlala khona.

Ngaba kuya kubakho imvuselelo yobukumkani eRashiya?

Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, abaninzi baqala ukuthetha ngokuvuselela ubukumkani baseRashiya. Endaweni yokubulawa kwintsapho yasebukhosini - apho indlu ka-Ipatiev eYekaterinburg yayihlala khona (kwisakhiwo esingaphantsi kwesi sakhiwo isigwebo sokufa saqalisa ukusebenza), itempile lakhiwa ngokuzinikela ekukhunjweni kokungabikho kokubulawa. Ngo-Agasti 2000, iBhunga lamaBhishophu e-Orthodox yaseRussia labeka wonke umntu kubangcwele, eqinisekisa ukukhumbula kwabo ngomhla wesine kaJulayi. Kodwa amakholwa amaninzi akavumelani nalokhu: ukunyanzelwa ngokuzithandela kuthathwa njengesono, kuba ababingeleli babusisa ubukumkani.

Ngo-2005, inzala yabalawuli baseRussia yabamba ibhunga eMadrid. Emva koko bathumela isicelo kwi-Ofisi yoMshushisi Jikelele weRussian Federation ukuvuselela indlu yaseRomanovs. Nangona kunjalo, abazange baqaphele njengexhoba loxinzelelo lwezopolitiko ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi olusemthethweni. Lo mthetho ulwaphulo-mthetho, kungekhona yezopolitiko. Kodwa abameli bezindlu zaseburusiya baseRashiya abavumelani nale nto kwaye baqhubeka bebhenela isigwebo, benethemba lokubuyisela ubulungisa bembali.

Kodwa ukuba ubukumkani beRashiya yanamhlanje bufunekayo ngumbuzo kubantu. Imbali iya kufaka yonke into kwindawo yayo. Okwangoku, abantu bahlonela imemori yamalungu obukhosi basebukhosini badutshulwa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha loBugubungelo obomvu kwaye bathandazele imiphefumlo yabo.