Inkqubo yaseMerika "Apollo". Bangaphi abantu abavakatye kwenyanga?

Inkulungwane ye-XX - ixesha lokungena kwabantu endaweni. Impumelelo yayo eyona nto yayiyiziza-moya eziya kwi-orbit-near-earth, ukuphuma kwendoda kwindawo engenamoya kunye nophuhliso lwenyanga. Ukuphazamiseka kukuba abantu baqala ukulibala igalelo elenziwe yiprogram yaseMerika Apollo (1969-1972), eyavumela umntu ukuba aphule kwiplanethi yakhe, kwaye namhlanje abantu abambalwa baya kuba nako ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba bangaphi abantu abavakatye inyanga.

Isigqibo esatshintshe ihlabathi

Lo nyaka ubonisa iminyaka engama-55 yomcimbi kaMongameli uJohan F. Kennedy wokuvakalisa iphrojekthi ebizwa ngokuba yiApollo. Oku kwakuyimpendulo kwi-flight of Yuri Gagarin kunye nokubuyiselwa kwangoku kwe-United States ekuhloliseni indawo. Iprojekti yenyanga yayingekho kuphela ukwenza i-quantum leap ukukhazimulisa amandla oosayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe belizwe, kodwa nokuphazamisa abantu kwimfazwe engavumeleki eVietnam. Kukho ubungqina obubhaliweyo bokuthi uKennedy, emva kokufunda uhlangothi lwezezimali kunye nezesayensi, u-NS uphakanyisiwe. Khrushchev ukudibanisa imizamo yamazwe amabini ukuphumeza iindleko zenyanga, ezama ukudala "ibhuloho yendawo" phakathi kwamandla amakhulu, kodwa wenqatshelwe.

Namhlanje kuyaziwa ukuba le nkqubo ibiza i-US $ 26 yezigidigidi. Ezi zihlandlo ezili-10 iindleko zokudala ibhomu le-athomu. Kodwa uKennedy wenza isigqibo esibalulekileyo, ebonakalisa amathuba angenamkhawulo womntu nokubhala igama lakhe kwimbali yokuphuhlisa isikhala. Ukuphendula umbuzo malunga nokuba bangaphi abantu abaye bayivakalisa inyanga, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba abaqhubi bee-24 bafikelele kwi-orbit yayo, kodwa aba-12 kuphela bakwazi ukushiya uphawu kumphezulu. Kwaye ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kokuphumelela kokuqala, kwakukho iimvavanyo ezine, ekulungiseleleni ukuba abathathu abahlaziyi bemvelo babulawa ngoJanuwari 1967.

Abasebenzi bokuqala

"U-Apollo 11" waba ngumkhwa womoya owanikezela uhambo lokuqala lokuphumelela kwiNyanga. Ukuqala kwakhe ngo-16.07.1969 kwasasazwa kumabonwakude. Iintsuku zokuqala, ngelixa iinqanawa zazikufutshane nomhlaba, ukuhanjiswa kwevidiyo kwansuku zonke kuqhubeka, kubonisa ukuba nethemba elincinci elibandakanyeka nalaba basebenzi. UCaptain Neil Armstrong, umqhubi owona mkhulu uMichael Collins, umqhubi wesimodyuli senyanga uEdmwin Aldrin - abaqhubi beemoto abaye bafumana indawo kwiinqanawa ze "Gemini", ngosuku lwesine bashiye kwi-orbit ejikelezayo emva kokutshintshwa kweenjini zesigaba sesithathu.

Ngomso olandelayo, ezimbini zazo zafudukela kwimodyuli yenyanga kwaye, emva kokuqalisa iinkqubo zayo kunye nokungahlanjululwa, zaye zangena kwi-orbit. Ubungqina beli thumela kukuba emva kokutshintshwa kweenjini zokuhamba, umqhubi ulungele ukuhlawula umxube kumasekhondi ngaphambi kokuba uphawu lokusetyenziswa kwamanzi lubalulekileyo. UNeil Armstrong ngumntu wokuqala we-Earthman ukufumana imvume yokungena iNyanga. Wayelandelwa nguEdwin (ngo-1988, watshintsha igama lakhe kuBuzz Aldrin), owenza inkonzo yenkolo yesigramente kwenyanga.

Emva kokuchitha iiyure ezingama-2,5 ngaphezulu (lonke ixesha lichithe kwiimodyuli), abasebenzi baqokelela iisampuli zeerandi, benza ividiyo kunye neefoto, ngoJulayi 24 ngokuphepha bebuyela kwiplanethi yabo yasekhaya, beza kwibala elikhethiweyo.

Uphefumlelwe yimpumelelo

Abasebenzi bokuqala babuyela eUnited States njengeziqhawe, kwaye ngoNovemba 14, ukuqaliswa kwe-Apollo-12 kwaqaliswa phantsi kolawulo lwe-astronaut onolwazi oye wagqiba ezimbini iintlanganiso ze-spaceflight kwiinqanawa ze-Gemini (ngo-1965, 1966). UPete Conrad kunye nabalingane bakhe (u-Alan Bin noRichard Gordon) bajamelana neemeko ezingavamile ngexesha lokuqala ngenxa yokukhanya kwembane. Ekubeni ubukho ekuqalweni kukaMongameli uNixon, ukukhutshwa kwamagetsi kukhubaze inani leenzwa, okubangela ukuvalwa kweeseli zombane. I-crew yakwazi ukulungisa imeko ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.

UConrad noBin bafanele bachithe iintsuku ezimbini kwiNyanga. Kwisiza sokufika, badibanisa nelifu lomhlaba kwaye bakwazi ukufikelela kwi-Surveyor-3, benza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni isayensi. Ngenxa yeengxaki ngekhamera yevidiyo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza ividiyo ipapashwe ngokukhawuleza kwi-site ye-crew.

Uluhlu oluluhlu lwabantu ababetyelele inyanga

I-United States yathumela i-9 iindwendwe kwiSathelayithi yomhlaba kwisikhokelo seprogram ye-Apollo. Abadlali abavela kumaqela abathandathu baye bakwazi ukuhlala kwenyanga. Bonke babenabantu abathathu, ababini babo batyathiselwa kwisiqongo senyanga. Emva kokuhluleka kuka-Apreli ka-1970, ehambelana nengozi e-Apollo-13, engayiphumelelanga imisebenzi yayo, uhambo olulandelayo oluphumelelayo lwaluqhutywe ngoFebruwari wonyaka wama-71. U-Alan Shepard no-Edgar Mitchell (ngendlela, babefanele babe yiqela le-13 "Apollo") kwakungenakwenzeka kuphela ukuqhuba ukuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa kwakhona ukuphuma kwindawo evulekile kabini.

Kwiintsuku ezintathu, uDavid Scott noJames Irwin, amalungu ohambo olulandelayo (ngoJulayi 1971), noJohn Young kunye noCharles Duke (ngo-Apreli 1972), owenza uhambo olude kwinyanga ye-rover, baqhutyelwa phezu komhlaba. Abasebenzi be-"Apollo-17" bagqiba ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yenyanga. U-Eugene Cernan noHarrison Schmitt benza uhambo lokugqibela ngoDisemba 1972, kwaye uCernan waphumelela ekutshitshiseni i-initials yentombi yakhe kwi- moonlit ground . Kwaye, oku kwakukuhamba kweyesibini ukuya kwiSathelayithi yoMhlaba, kunye nabafana bakhe abathathu. Kodwa ekuphenduleni umbuzo malunga nokuba bangaphi abantu abaye bavakashela iNyanga, ku funeka kukhunjulwe ingqalelo ukuba kuphela kanye omnye wabo ochaphazela ukukhanya kwenyanga.

Ukugqitywa kweprogram yeApollo

Namhlanje, i-pad pad (Cape Canaveral), ene-US Air Force, isentlango. Nangona kwakufuneka ukuba kuqhubekeke ukuqaliswa kwe-Apollo, akukho nanye kwezi ziqaliso ezilandelayo ezenziwa. Isizathu esona sizathu ngeendleko ezinkulu, ezingenise ukuqhutyelwa kwintsha ekuphenyweni kwendawo. Kwiziqhawe ezili-12 ezazisinda ngaphaya kweendawo ezijikelezayo, ezithoba zahlala ziphila. Ubomi babo abufani nobomi beenkwenkwezi zaseHollywood. Bonke bahamba ngokukhawuleza bephuma kwi-NASA, phantse bayakhohliwe ngabemi babo. Okumangalisa kukuba, abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-flight yokuqala bafumana ibhaso eliphezulu le-USA (iMedal Gold ye Congress) kuphela kwiminyaka emashumi mane ekuqala.

Kwimibuzo yokuba bangaphi abantu abaye batyelela inyanga, abaninzi namhlanje bayaphendula: "akukho nanye". Laba abo bahlanganyela "inkolelo yenkohlakalo" eyavela esandleni esilula somlobi uBill Casing, owambuza into yokuba yindwendwe enyangeni. Ukukhusela imbeko yakhe, uBuzz Aldrin oneminyaka engama-72 ubudala ebudeni babantu babetha ebomini ubuso bomlobi-ntatheli ovakalisa ukungathandabuzeki. Ngo-2009, iUnited States yathumele imifanekiso ebantwini ukusuka kuma-satellites, eqinisekisa imimandla yabatyekisi behlala kwi-satellite satellite.

Ukugqitywa kweprogram kunye nokungabikho kwentsebenziswano kulolu hlobo kumandla amabini anesidima kakhulu, kuba iyakwazi ukuba ibhuloho endleleni yezaziso ezizayo kuMars.