I-United States emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II: imbali, iimpawu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Kunye ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, United States ngo belingana eSoviet Union ngomnye kwamagunya amakhulu amabini ihlabathi. States bancedisa phakamisa iYurophu liphuma mabhodlo, siye sakubona yachuma kwezoqoqosho neyokusasazeka koluntu. Ilizwe waqalisa inkqubo zokuphelisa yocalulo kunye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga. Ngelo xesha kuluntu American wajika nephulo likazwelonke lokulwa nolwaphulo-wamaKomanisi ubuxoki sabaxhasi Senator McCarthy. Kunjalo, naphezu kwalo lonke uvavanyo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle, eli lizwe ikwazile ukugcina nokubethelela isimo yayo njengendlela lwesininzi enkulu ehlabathini Koloni.

ukubangisana entsha

Xa ngo-1939 eYurophu waqalisa imfazwe liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, urhulumente US wazama ukuhlala kude ungquzulwano ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, le elide longquzulwano, kokukhona kuhlala kunokwenzeka ukugcina inkqubo kanisa. Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1941, kwakukho uhlaselo Pearl Harbor. Inenkohliso ukuhlasela Japanese eyabangela Washington ukuba ngokutsha izicwangciso zalo. Ngoko pre-ukuchaza indima eUnited States emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. uluntu american inamathele kwi "elwela 'ngenkulungwane XX, injongo leyo uloyiso phezu amaNazi kunye namahlakani abo.

Wesithathu woyiswa, eshiya eYurophu ngo amanxuwa. SeKhomishini ukubaluleka qoqosho nopolitiko i-Old yeHlabathi (ngokukodwa UK kunye France) yazanyazanyiswa. I-United States emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yahlala crespo esingenamntu. Xa konke ukwalatha ngokwentelekiso okwanamhlanje ubunzima, wamkhulula kwiintlungu kule minyaka idlulileyo, eli lizwe uye kufanele ingqalelo ukubangisana.

"IsiCwangciso Marshall"

Ngo-1948 waqalisa ukwenza eziphakanyiswa US USosiba "Inkqubo European Indawo yoBuyiselo" State George Marshall, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi "Marshall Plan." Injongo yawo uncedo kwezoqoqosho ibhuqiwe Europe. Ngokusebenzisa inkqubo le eUnited States emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, hayi kuphela ukuxhasa namahlakani awo, kodwa inikezwe iwonga yayo ephambili kwihlabathi Koloni.

Imali zokubuyiselwa shishino kunye nezinye izibonelelo ebalulekileyo ezabelwe yamazwe ali-17. AmaMelika wanikela uncedo kwabo kumazwe yali ka eMpuma Yurophu, Noko ke, phantsi kwengcinezelo eSoviet Union, abavumi ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kule program. Ukuze ethile imali enikwa West Jamani. beza imali waseMelika kweli lizwe kunye ingqokelela engumzekelo izibonelelo-mthetho edlulileyo ulawulo lwamaNazi.

Ukukhula ephikisanayo kunye USSR

ESoviet Union kwi "Marshall Plan" bengenakucikideka, bekholelwa ukuba ngaye eUnited States emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ibeka uxinzelelo kwi eSoviet Union. Lo mbono ixhaphake kwi West. Ibambelele kuquka owayesakuba US uSekela Mongameli Genri Uolles, ugxeke inkqubo uncedo eYurophu.

Qho ngonyaka, longquzulwano ekhulayo phakathi USSR kunye United States baba ngakumbi yondele kakhulu. Amagunya, simi kwicala enye ekulweni sisisongelo lwamaNazi, kwaye ngoku ndiqalile ingxabano ngokuphandle. Wathinta ayiphikisani yosongo kunye iingcamango lwentando yesininzi. Western eYurophu United States emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II udale ubuhlobo wamajoni, NATO, naseMpuma Europe kunye eSoviet Union - Warsaw Pact.

iingxaki yangaphakathi

Uphuhliso lwangaphakathi US emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi kwakuhambisana imbambano. Ukulwa ububi lwamaNazi iminyaka eliqela intlalo emanyeneyo nihle naye ukulibala ngeengxaki zabo. Noko ke, ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba uloyiso zezi ngxaki baye kwakhona wathi ngokwabo. Kwindawo yokuqala, bangena kunye ngokuphathelele aligcuntswana ngokobuzwe.

nkqubo bentlalo USA emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi wayitshintsha indlela endala yokuphila zamaNdiya. Ngowe-1949, urhulumente wawushiya umyalelo yangaphambili self-determination. Ugcino Gone. Accelerated nokwenziwa uluntu base- Melika. Ngokufuthi, amaNdiya bafudukela izixeko phantsi koxinzelelo. akazange Abaninzi kubo ufuna ukunika indlela yobomi yeMinyanya, kodwa kwafuneka ukulahla izimiso zazo ngenxa kumazwe ihluke.

ukuhlukana Ukunqanda

I siqithi wahlala ingxaki lobudlelwane sobabini, uninzi abamhlophe kunye igcuntswana emnyama. Ukuhlukana waphikelela. Ngowe-1948 uyekwa kwi Force Air. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, abaninzi abamnyama bakhonza ngenqwelomoya uqulukubhode abaziwayo emangalisayo. Ngoku ke kufuneka banikwe umsebenzi ukuya looMawokhulu kwi kweemeko ezifanayo kunye emhlophe.

1954 pha US omnye uloyiso ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni. Ngenxa elide-ukuphisa zesigqibo kwimbali Ephakamileyo iNkundla US emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yabalasela ukupheliswa imfundo eyahlukileyo kwizikolo ngokobuhlanga. Ke Congress kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukuze ubume abamnyama kwabemi. US ngcembe isungule indlela ekhokelela ulahliwe epheleleyo yocalulo kunye calulo. Le nkqubo iye yagqitywa ngo-1960.

umnotho

Ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso loqoqosho eUnited States emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kukhokelele yachuma ibonwe kwezoqoqosho, nto leyo maxa wambi ebizwa i "Golden Age of capitalism". Oko kubangelwa zimeko ezininzi, ezifana kwentlekele eYurophu. Ithuba 1945-1952 gg. kwakhona ingqalelo Keynes era (Dzhon Keyns - umbhali ingcamango kwezoqoqosho ezaziwayo-kakuhle, njengoko apho Izimiselo eUnited States wahlala kuloo minyaka).

Ngenxa yemigudu States kwenkqubo eBretton Woods yasekwa. amaziko alo ukulungiselela urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe yaye akuvumelekanga ukuba uthwale ngaphandle i "isiCwangciso Marshall" (bekukho iBhanki yeHlabathi, i-International Monetary Fund njalo njalo. D.). Kwendyebo koqoqosho eUnited States kukhokelele olusele usana - enanini labantu, isiphumo leyo likhula ngokukhawuleza labemi lonke eli lizwe.

Ukuqala Cold War

Ngowe-1946, lo gama kutyelelo zabucala eUnited States, sele owayesakuba British Prime Minister Winston Churchill wanikela intetho yakhe edumileyo apho wathi eSoviet Union kunye nezoyikiso ubukomanisi ihlabathi Koloni. Namhlanje-mbali bakholelwa lo mcimbi sisiqalo Cold War. Kwi-US, lo gama umongameli Garri Trumen. Yena, njengo Churchill, wayekholelwa ukuba eSoviet Union kufuneka zilandele ngqo yokuziphatha nzima-line. Ngexesha gameli yakhe (1946-1953) ekugqibeleni balinqabisa Ulwahlulwa-hlulo lwehlabathi phakathi kweenkqubo ephikisanayo yezopolitiko.

Truman waba yimbangi "Truman Imfundiso", ngokutsho apho, iMfazwe Yomlomo yaba ukruthakruthwano phakathi kweenkqubo zedemokhrasi American kunye Soviet yileyo. Ithambo lokuqala kunjalo ijezi kwamagunya amakhulu ezimbini eJamani. Ngokutsho isigqibo US, West Berlin yaqukwa kwi "Marshall Plan." YiSoviet Union ukuphendula kulo, esi sixeko wenza kwafa. Le ntlekele waze 1949. Ngenxa ngawo East German GDR ukuba kwadalwa.

Waza waqala ingasetyenziswa kwithuba elilkunyeelayo lokuba iingalo uhlanga. Emva kokuba Iraq ka iHiroshima Nagasaki kungekho imizamo ngaphezulu ukusebenzisa kwiimfazwe zikhali - baphela emva yokuqala. KweMfazwe Yehlabathi Okwesibini, i-US waba ngokwaneleyo ukuqonda ukuba lethality of mijukujelwa ezintsha. Noko ke, iingalo uhlanga sele uqalile. Ngowe-1949 eSoviet Union yahlola iibhombu zenyukliya, yaye kamva - hydrogen. AmaMelika baye balahlekelwa lodwa kwezixhobo.

McCarthyism

Ngenxa ukonakala kolunxulumano kwindawo eSoviet Union kunye United States lasungula iphulo bange ukwakha umfanekiso omtsha yotshaba. "Coli Red" iye yaba-ajenda izigidi zabantu baseMelika. Eyona bangi anti-yobukomanisi, yaba Senator Dzhozef Makkarti. Wayetyhola Abezopolitiko akwizikhundla eziphezulu abaninzi kunye manani zoluntu livelana eSoviet Union. ubuciko usoyika McCarthy ngokukhawuleza ethathwa yi eendaba.

I-United States emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, ngamafutshane, baye fane anti-bamaKomanisi, apho amaxhoba bengamadoda, kakhulu kude ukusuka ekhohlo-iphiko. McCarthyites zonke izinto ezingalunganga kuluntu yaseMelika usola ngabangcatshi. Ukuhlaselwa zabo abaxhasi kweemanyano zabasebenzi kunye thethwano kunye awodwa yali. Truman nangona yena ekugxekeni eSoviet Union, kodwa yahlukile nemibono ngakumbi McCarthy kaThixo. Le leNdlu yeeNgwevu nehlazo yaya Republican uDwight Eisenhower ngo-1952 waphumelela yokhetho olulandelayo.

McCarthyists amaxhoba baqala izazinzulu ezininzi kunye namagcisa: nomqambi uLeonard Bernstein, physics uDavide Bohm, actress Lee Grant, etc. umfazi ukuhlola babulawa amakomanisi Julius kunye Ethel Rosenberg ... Iphulo ngokusasaza ukufumana iintshaba zangaphakathi, Noko ke, ayiphumelelanga kungekudala. Ekupheleni kuka-1954, McCarthy wathunyelwa yokurhoxa lihlazo.

Cuban lobunzima Missile

France, eBritani, eUnited States emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye namanye amazwe Western udale yasemkhosini NATO. Kungekudala la mazwe bayivakalisa inkxaso yabo South Korea emzabalazweni yayo nxamnye ngamaKomanisi. Nevuthisayo, wamnceda eSoviet Union kunye neTshayina. I-Korean War lweminyaka 1950-1953. Yaba longquzulwano lokuqala abaxhobileyo phakathi Incopho ezimbini lweenkqubo yehlabathi yezopolitiko.

Ngowe-1959, utshintsho lwenzeka kwi United States eselumelwaneni, Cuba. Ukuze amandla kwi siqithi ndawonye ukhokelwa Fidel Castro. Cuba wasebenzisa inkxaso yezoqoqosho USSR. Ngaphezu koko, lo isixhobo zenyukliya yiSoviet wasiwa kwi siqithi. Ukubonakala kwaso usondele eUnited States kwakhokelela kwintlekele zeCaribbean - incopho IMfazwe, xa ihlabathi embundwini womnyango wendlu ukuhlasela ezintsha zenyukliya. Emva koko, ngo-1962, US uMongameli John F. Kennedy kunye nenkokheli Soviet Nikita Khrushchev wakwazi ukuthethana kwaye hayi ukuba sibe sibi. Ekuphambukeni sele upasisiwe. Yaqala umgaqo-nkqubo détente ngcembe.