I-nucleic acids ngabagcini be-genetic information

I-nucleic acids (i-nucleus-nucleus) yinkqubo yezinto eziphilayo apho zonke iinkqubo eziphambili zobomi bezinto eziphilayo zidibeneyo. Ezi zi-biopolymers zaqala ukuhlukaniswa yi-F. Misher (1968) ezivela kwinuclei ye-leukocytes. Kancinci kamva, iicucleic acids zachazwa kuwo onke amaseli, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, kwii-microbes kunye neentsholongwane. Ngaloo ndlela, kwabonakaliswa ukuba ezi zixhobo ze-biological ziqulethwe kuzo zonke iiseli zezinto eziphilayo, zizona zithinteli zenkcazelo yelifa, zithatha inxaxheba kwi-biosynthesis yamaprotheni omzimba.

I-Nucleic Acid Presentation

I-nucleic acids iindawo zama-prosthetic zama-nucleoproteins. Imveliso yokugqibela ye-hydrolysis yayo i-purine ne-pyrimidine iziseko, i-pentoses kunye ne- phosphoric acid. Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kuhlukanisa i-deoxyribonucleic (DNA) kunye ne- ribonucleic (RNA) acids. Ukubunjwa kwe-DNA kuquka i- monosaccharide-deoxyribose, i-RNA-ribose. Ezi zixhobo zihluke phakathi kwazo ngokwasezantsi ziseko, i-molecular structure, i-cell localization, kunye nemisebenzi.

Iimveliso zazo i-molecule ziqukethe i-purine okanye i-pyrimidine iziseko kunye ne-pentose (ribose, deoxyribose) zibizwa ngokuba yi-nucleosides. Igama le-nucleoside linqunywe yi-nitrogen ekwakhe, ehlanganiswe kwisakhiwo sayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-nucleoside, equka i-adenine ibizwa ngokuba yi-adenosine, i-guanine - guanosine, i-cytosine - cytidine, uracil - uridine, thymine - thymidine. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-carbohydrates eyenza iamolekyuli, bahlula phakathi kwe-rubonucleosides kunye ne-deoxyribonucleosides.

Ukongeza kwiziseko ezisisiseko ze-nitrogen, i-nucleic acids   I   Kwaye oko kuthiwa iziseko ezincinane ze-purine ne-pyrimidine uchungechunge (1-methyladenine, dihydrouracil, 1-methylguanine, 3 methyluracil, pseudouridine, njl.).

I-nucleotides i-phosphoric esters of nucleosides. I-molecule ye-nucleotide iquka i-purine okanye i-pyrimidine iziseko, i-pentose (ribose okanye deoxyribose), kunye ne-phosphoric acid ekhoyo ebopha kwi-athomu ye-carbon okanye yesithathu ye-pentose.

I-nucleic acids isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi.

I-nucleotides ngayinye idibanisa ukwenza i-di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa, hepta- kunye ne-polynucleotide, oko kukuthi, i-nucleic acid. I-nucleic acids iqukethe amakhulu kunye namawaka e-nucleotide ahlangene kunye neqela le-hydroxy elikufutshane ne-3 ye-athobhoni yeCarbon ye-pentosis ye-nucleotide enye kunye ne-phosphoric acid asele ephakathi kwe-5'-i-athomu ye-carbon e-pentosis ye-nucleotide elandelayo.

I-DNA yinto ebonakalayo yezinto eziphilayo zohlobo lwezinto eziphilayo. Kwizinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle kweebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane, zenziwe kwindawo yecuclei yeseli. Isixa esingabalulekanga sale asidi sigxininiswe kwi-mitochondria kunye ne-chloroplast.

I-Ribonucleic acids sele ithatyathwe kuwo onke amaqhekeza eseli. Isixa esikhulu seRNA sigxininiswe kwizinto ze-ribonucleoprotein - i-ribosomes. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubuninzi be-RNA buqulethwe kwi-cytoplasm, kwaye kuphela i-10-15% kuphela inxalenye yecucleus.

I-RNA iqwalasela i-cellular localization, i-biological function, isisindo se-molecular isahlulo sithathu: i-ribosomal, izithuthi kunye ne-matrix.

I-Ribosomal RNAs zihlala kwindawo ye-cytoplasmic granules ye-ribosomes, apho ziboshwe ngokuqinile kwiprotein. Ziye zibonakaliswe ngesisindo somlinganiselo ophezulu. IiRNA zezothutho zifumaneka ngokukodwa kwi-hyaloplasm yeeseli, i-nyukliya yamanzi kwi-mitochondria kunye ne-chloroplast. Banobunzima bee-molecular weight (kufika kuma-daltons angamawaka angama-40). Umsebenzi wabo oyintloko kukuthuthwa kwe-amino acids esebenzayo kwi-amino acid complex - i-AMP-enzyme kwisiza seprotheni biosynthesis, oko kukuthi, kwi-ribosomes. Ucwaningo lwezenzululwazi lubonise ukuba nganye i-amino acid ine-tRNA yayo. Namhlanje, iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60 zothutho zeRNA ziyaziwa.

I-Matrix RNA (i-RNA yolwazi). I-molecule ngayinye ye-mRNA kwinkqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwi-nucleus ifumana ulwazi kwi-DNA kwaye idlulisela kwi-ribosomes, apho iyafumaneka ngexesha leprotheni ye-biosynthesis.