Inbreeding - yintoni na? Inbreeding: imizekelo

Impumelelo ye-genetics yabemi, ubungqina bayo obukhulu bokuthathwa kwezinto zonke zendalo ezenzeka kwiindawo, vumela abantu ukuba basebenzise olu lwazi kwiimfuno zabo. Ngoko, izinto ezinjalo ezifana nokuqhaqhaqhaqhaqha kunye nokuqhaqhaqhaqhaqheko ziqhelekileyo. Isiqhelo esingaqhelekanga salo migaqo singathandana. Ziziphi ezi nkqubo ezivela kwinqanaba lezesayensi kunye nantoni na umntu angayifumana ngokuyisebenzisa, siya kuhlalutya kweli nqaku.

Inbreeding - yintoni na?

Okokuqala, machaze umxholo. Ngoko, inbreeding, ukuthetha ngolwimi lwesayensi yolwazi, yinkxalabo yezinto ezifanayo zeentsholongwane kwi-genotype enye, oko kukuthi, kwimeko ethile.

Ukuba ngamagama alula ukuphendula umbuzo othi "Ukuxhamla - yintoni na?", Kunokuthiwa oku kuhamba ngendlela enxulumene nezihlobo zezityalo, izilwanyana, abantu abanenjongo yokuqokelela kwi-genotype ezithile ze-gene eziphathekayo. Enyanisweni, kukho izidibaniso ezininzi kule nkqubo. Ngoko, xa kuziwa kubantu, imitshato ehlobene ngokuthe ngqo kuthiwa yi-incest. Ukuba sithetha ngezityalo, ke sithetha nge-insuhte. Inbreeding ingumxholo wokunyuka kwezilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, eli gama lingasetyenziswa ekukhetheni kwezityalo.

Heterosis

Kukho into enjengomlinganiselo ogqithiseleyo wokungena. Oku kwenzeka xa:

• Isilwanyana sinakho ukuziqhelisa;
• Isityalo sokuzitya.

Kule meko, ukuqokelela kwizizukulwana ze-homozygous alleles kunye nomnqweno oyifunayo kulula, kuba iisethi ze-chromosomes ezivela kubantu abahlukeneyo zifakiwe. Le propati isetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ekukhuleni kwezityalo. Abantu abavela kwisizukulwana sokuqala ngexesha lokuzivumba kwamanzi bafumana iziphumo ezinjalo, apho umveliso uphuma ngama-60%! Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-heterosis kwaye yindlela ephakamileyo kakhulu yokusetyenziswa kwemveliso enjalo yemveliso yemveliso, njenge:

• Cotton;
• Pepper;
• Iifama;
• Iibhontshisi;
• Iziqhamo zeCitrus;
• Ngqolowa;
• Ibhali kunye nabanye.

Kwi-inbreeding, eyenziwa ngumntu, kunokwenzeka ukucima ukubonakaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo eziyingozi ngokuziguqulela kwisimo se-heterozygous kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Oku kwenziwa ngokukhetha okukhethiweyo. Ukuba isityalo siphila kwiimeko zendalo, ngoko ukhetho olunjalo lwenziwa yendalo ngokwalo, kuyinto engokwemvelo. Kungenxa yoko kwindalo phakathi kwezityalo ezizithobelayo i-self-pollinating plants akunakwenzeka ukuba zihlangabezane neziphoso, ukuphazamiseka kunye nezifo eziphathekayo.

Imbali yenkqubo yophuhliso

Ukuba ujikeleza kwimbali, loo nto ingumtshato ongenakunqanda ukusukela kwimihla yamandulo, ukususela kwixesha likaFaro. Kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo le nto yayibonakala ingalingani. Ngokomzekelo, kumaRoma amandulo abathandana nabo babebhekwa njengesono esibi. Kodwa kwiindawo ezifana neYiputa, amazwe aseYurophu, ngaphambili kweColombia yaseMelika kunye nabo bonke abalandeli bamahedeni, le nkqubo yayiyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yobomi. Abazalwana basetyhini abanokutshatyalaliswa ngokukhululekile, kwaye le nto yamkelwa, kuba yayivumelekile ukugcina igazi "elihloniphekileyo" lobukhosi kwimeko yeentlanga zobukhosi nezikumkani. Nangona kunjalo, iBhayibhile yayivimbela ukutshatyalaliswa okunjalo, isondo esithandana nayo sasithathwa njengesona sono esona sibi kakhulu, ngoko ke ihlabathi lonke lamaKristu liye layeka iinkqubo ezinjalo ngexesha.

Ukuba sithetha ngezityalo, izilwanyana, ngoko malunga nento evulayo, yintoni i-heterosis, abantu bafunde kuphela ngamaxesha ngamava. Kucacile ukuba ngoko ulwazi lwe-genetic yoluntu alufumanekanga. Abantu babekhokelwa kuphela ngokubonakala, ngezilingo ezinolwazi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwakwanele ukuba kuphawulwe: ukufumana iimpawu eziyimfuneko nokuzilungisa kwintlobo, kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa ngokusondeleyo iifom ezihambelanayo kunye ne-gene ekhoyo, ebonakaliswe ngaphandle.

Kuyafana nakwizityalo. Kuyaziwa ukuba ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14, ii-tulips ezimnandi zemibala engaqhelekanga zakhula eMbusweni wase-Ottoman, ezafunyanwa nge-inksuhta. Phakathi kwezilwanyana, inja zazihlala zixhomekeke kwi-inbreeding, kuba yayingumxholo oyintloko wokuzingela, kwaye yona, ngokubhekiselele, yayikuzonwabisa ngokubanzi.

Inbreeding kwizinja zenze ukuba bakwazi ukufumana izinja ezinamandla kakhulu, ezinamandla kwaye ziqeqeshiwe kakuhle. Enyanisweni, inani elikhulu labantu abavela kwiinguqu ziye zatshatyalaliswa.

I-Degree kunye ne-coefficient ofbreeding

Ukuxhomekeka kweengcamango ezicatshangelwayo zinikezwa izazinzulu ezininzi, kodwa imisebenzi yesiNgesi uWright kunye nesiRashiya iSlovsky iyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu. Bonke, kodwa ngokuzimela, baye bakwazi ukudala ifomu evumela ukuba sibale i-coefficient ofbrebre in izizukulwana. Kubonakala ngathi:

F _x = Σ F (1/2) ^{n + ni-1} * (1 + F _a ) * 100, apho

• F _x - i-coefficient ofbreeding, iboniswe njengepesenti;
• F - Coefficient ofbreeding Kusuka okhokho oqhelekileyo;
• I, _i-i-i- line migca.

Ukuba uyazi izizukulwana eziliqela zeentlobo, kwaye unolwazi malunga noko sele lubalwe kwiihlokho ze-coefficients of inbreeding, ngoko unako ukubala isalathisi naluphi na uhlobo. Kuphela kufuneka kukhonjiswe ukuba ezo zibalo zenziwa kuphela ngenjongo yokufunda. Ukuziqhelanisa kubonisa ukuba le ndlela ayifanelekanga, kuba ayinakuqwalasela i-alleles ezithintekayo ezithintekayo. Kwaye banokuba ngama-homo-and-heterozygotes kunye neenkqubo eziqhutywa rhoqo.

Ngako oko, iziphumo zentshukumo zihluke kwizo zibalo zibalwa. Ifom ye-Wright-Kislovsky isetyenziswe kuphela xa ubhala idiploma, i-ths, i-dissertations, apho ixabiso elikhulu leenkcukacha kwizizukulwana ezininzi lifuna ukuququzelelwa kunye nokubala okufanayo.

Ukuba sithetha ngesantya se-inbreeding, ngoko sele sibonise apha ngentla. Kwindlela yokuzalisa inja kuyinto yesiko ukuyikhetha ngamanani eRoma, ebonisa ukuba yiphi isizukulwana kwakukho ukhokho oqhelekileyo kunye nomnqweno oyifunayo.

Ukwahlula

Vala (vala) inbreeding - yintoni na? Le ngenye yeentlobo zeenkqubo, eziza kuxutyushwa ngezantsi. Kwakhona, i-inbreeding ephakathi neyokude ikhutshwe. Ukuqonda ukungafani okuphambili kunye nokufana phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, qwa lasela nganye.

Vala i-Inbreeding

Olu luhlobo olunzima kakhulu nolunobungozi lwenkqubo. Kuqulethe ukuwela izihlobo zegazi zeentlobo ezinxulumene nazo. Ukuba siluguqulela kumadrikhi omntu wobudlelwane, oko kuku, umama nendodana, uyise kunye nentombi, umzalwana nodade.

Ngolu hlobo lokuwela, kukho ukutshintshiselana okufutshane kunye neendlela ezifanayo. Ngenxa yoko, uphawu olufunwayo lubonakala ngokukhawuleza kwinzala yesizukulwana sokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, kunobungozi ukuba umntu obangelwayo unokukwazi ukuthwala i-genetic mutant efihlakeleyo, kwaye kuya kubakho ubuninzi babo, inkulu kwinani lentwana. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukuqokelelwa kweempawu eziyingozi kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ukungahambi kakuhle kubonakala, kubakho ukubeleka, ukungabikho kwemvelo.

Ubume obuhle

Ukuhlaselwa kwezilwanyana okunjalo kukudlula izihlobo ezikude. Ukuguqulela kumadrikhi omntu wobudlelwane, ngaba, umzekelo, abazala kunye nodade, umzala kunye nomalume kunye njalo.

Ngenxa yoko, kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza i-homozygosity ngamanqaku athile ngokuthe ngcembe, ngokukhetha ngokucophelela. Le nkqubo ininzi, kodwa iyanciphisa i-homozygosity ye-alleles eziyingozi. Ngenxa yoko, unokufumana isizukulwana esihle, esomeleleyo, esinamandla kunye nesempilweni phantse zonke iilitha.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-alter genetic mutant of genetic mutant iyakubonakala, mhlawumbi ngaphezu kweyodwa, kodwa ekugqibeleni iya kuphelela ngokupheleleyo, iya kwi-heterozygote.

Umbono ode

Ukuxhamla kwezilwanyana kuthetha ukuwela abantu abambalwa kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukuba uhlela abantu, unokuba, umzekelo, abazala kunye noodade.

Inkqubo enjalo inika umphumo ubuthakathaka kakhulu, ngokuqhelekileyo ungacatshulwa. Ukongezelela, uphando luye lwaqinisekisa ukuba emva kwexesha izizukulwana zabantu abaneempawu ezintle ezibonakalayo. Izilwanyana zibuhlungu kakhulu, zibuthathaka, izakhi zengqungquthela eziguquka kwaye ziyimbangela yokukhubazeka.

Ngokucacileyo, ukufumana inzala enhle kakhulu engakwazi ukubonisa iziganeko zayo kwisizukulwana esilandelayo kwaye uqhubeke nokukwenza oku phantsi kwekhonkco yinto ekuzaliswe ngayo injongo (ekujoliswe kuyo).

Imizekelo yokuwela

Kuye kwasetyenziswa ixesha elide ukuguqulwa kwezilwanyana. Kwaye kumzekelo wabameli bezilwanyana ezilwanyana ezinokuthi ziyabonakala njani ukuba usebenza njani. Ukuthetha malunga nokuhlaselwa okunjalo, imizekelo inganikwa oku kulandelayo:

• Amahashe angenayo;
• Imigca ecocekileyo yenja;
• Iintlobo zezilwanyana zezilwanyana eziyimfuneko kunye neenje.

Ngokusemgangathweni, kunokwenzeka ukuba usebenzise ukuwela okunjalo kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana. Kuphela kuninzi, kuya kuba yinto yokuzama. Kodwa ukuxhamla, imimiselo esiyicacile ngasentla, sele sele yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.

Okubaluleke kakhulu kukubaluleka kwababalimi beenja abanolwazi, abayaziyo zonke iziqhelo zokuwela kunye nokufumana inzala enhle kwaye inempilo. Kodwa i-genetics iyinzululwazi engabonakaliyo, ngoko kukho ukuphazamiseka. Iigesi ezihlaziyo ziyakwazi ukuzibonakalisa, kwaye umntu akayi kulungele ukuthengiswa, ngenjongo ejoliswe kuyo, yonke into ebomini.

Inbreeding kwi-cynology

Njengoko sele siqaphele, i-cynologists izinikezele kwiimfihlelo zezinto eziza kuthethwa ngazo ngokugqithiseleyo kuzo zonke ezinye iingcali. Inbreeding kwizinja kuyimeko ebalulekileyo yokuzalisa imigca engqinileyo. Ababelethi abanolwazi baye bafakazela ukuba umphumo osebenzayo unikwa ngolu hlobo olulinganisiweyo lokuwela.

Iimeko zokuphumelela kwezinja:

• Umgangatho we-genotype yokhokho;
• Indlela ephumelelayo kunye ebalwe kwinkqubo;
• Ukukhethwa kwindlela efanelekileyo.

Into ephambili kunoma yimuphi umfuyi wezinja kukuthintela ukuqala kokudakumba kwangaphakathi. Le yimiqathango yomgca xa abantu beqala ukuhambisa izakhi zofuzo zomthambo ezibangelwa ukukhubazeka komnye nomnye. Ngenxa yoko, bonke abantu babuthathaka, bebuhlungu kwaye bafa rhoqo.

Ukuphuma

Ukuzaliswa kwezityalo kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba izityalo ezininzi zizakhele impova, ngoko ukusebenza kwayo kuphezulu. Kodwa ukuba sithetha ngezilwanyana, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ukugqithwa - okuchaseneyo kwisakhiwo sento. Oko kungenjalo, izihlobo ezinxulumene nazo ziyawela zonke, ngenxa yoko, zifumana imigca emihle. Ngale ndlela, amahashe, iinkomo, ihagu, izinja kunye nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo zizalwe. Ukuqhekeka kuyindlela elula kwaye ethembekileyo yokuzalisa, ekubeni isusela kwisizukulwana kuya kwisizukulwana sithole inzala ezinzile yokuvelisa.