Imicu zokwenziwa. Wokwenziwa polyamide ifayibha

imicu Synthetic waqala ukuba impahla namuhla kuveliswa ngo-1938. Okwangoku, apho kukho sele iintlobo ezininzi elinesibini. Ngokuba bonke bephela ngazo kukuba izinto yokuqala asezantsi iikhompawundi ubunzima genome ibe Iipholima yi yokuqaphela imichiza. Dutywa okanye zavuleka Iipholima amalungiselelo endibufumeneyo baphume komphetho okanye kukujikeleza isisombululo. Bona akhiwa isisombululo okanye ziyanyibilika, kwaye kuphela ukuba phantsi nokuyifeza ngeninako.

uhlobo

Kuxhomekeka iimpawu okuluphawu ubume macromolecules, imicu eyenziweyo baye bohlulwa hetero kunye carbon chain. I yangaphambili ziquka ezo zivela Iipholima zabo kwezinye macromolecules ngaphandle carbon, kunye nezinye izinto abakhoyo - nitrogen, isalfure, ioksijini kunye nabanye. Ezi ziquka ipholiyesta, lyu, polyamide kunye polyurea. imicu zokwenziwa Carbochain zisingathwa ukuba umxokelelwane zazo eziphambili eyakhelwe-athom carbon. Eli qela libandakanya Polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, Polyvinyl utywala, kunye fluorine-equlethe.

Iipholima ekhonza njengesiseko ukulungiselela hetero-Imicu afunyenwe polycondensation kwaye imveliso exonxiweyo ukusuka anyibilike. Carbochain ezifunyenwe yi chain polymerization kunye Ukwakheka jikelele ukusuka izisombululo, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ukusuka zinyibilikile. Uyakwazi ukubona umntu polyamide zokwenziwa ifayibha, leyo kuthiwa siblon.

Ukwakha nokusebenzisa

Ilizwi ezifana siblon abaninzi Awumazi ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ngaphambili kwimakhishithi tabs iimpahla zinokubonakala le ungayiqondiyo BBM, kuvele iifayibha modulus eliphezulu viscose. Ngoko ke abalimi babecinga ukuba esi sihlokwana kungaba amcele ngaphezu siblon esinokuhambisana ne nenayiloni kunye Caproni. Ukuveliswa olu hlobo Imisonto zokwenziwa uvela imithi, ngokungathi kunjalo zange ukukhangela kakhulu.

iimpawu

Siblon ukuvela ekuqaleni-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Lo rayon oluphuculiweyo. In inyathelo lokuqala, ukulungiswa iinkuni yintlama, oko uyazimela ngendlela ecocekileyo. Inani inkulu uqulathwe yomqhaphu layo - malunga ne-98%, kodwa ngenxa imicu umqhaphu, ngaphandle oku kwenza umsonto kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo amaplanga zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa yintlama, e sapling ethile, apho iqulethe 40-50%, kwaye abanye - na amacandelo ezingeyomfuneko. Kuyafuneka ukuba balahle kwi ekuvelisweni imicu zokwenziwa.

Inkqubo yokudala

imicu Synthetic ziveliswa ngezigaba. Ngelo kwinqanaba lokuqala inkqubo ukuphisa, ngexesha apho chips iinkuni zonke izinto eyolukileyo idluliselwa yesisombululo, kwaye kwakhona avelisa ucazululo ngemixokelelwane Polymer elide kwi iziqwenga ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho kuphela iindleko amanzi ashushu, ongeziweyo ezahlukeneyo zavelisa wezenzi: Soda nabanye. ukupheka kuphela kongezwe sulfates inika ido- leyo ngokufanelekileyo siblona yemveliso, ekubeni liye ukungcola kancinci.

Xa yintlama sele zifunxe, iyithumele mhlophe, ngetshaneli kwaye zikuxina, uze bafudukela apho kufuneka khona - ke imveliso kwephepha, cellophane, ikhadibhodi kunye ifayibha, oko kukuthi kwimveliso ephambili. Yintoni elandelayo eyenzekayo kuye?

aftertreatment

Ukuba kufuneka ufumane i zokwenziwa kunye neerhali zendalo kuyimfuneko kuqala ukulungiselela isisombululo ojikeleza. Kwincindi yinto eqinileyo apho kunzima ukunyibilika. Ngoko ke, oko kudla iguqulwe ibe kaEtere ditiougolnoy acid ngamanzi-emanzini. Inkqubo yenguqu kwi into kakhulu elide. Kuqala neselulosi kwealkali ashushu, kulandele unyango emzimbeni, kumxube ehamba izinto ezingeyomfuneko. Emva ukujikeleza ubunzima Utyunyuziwe kwaye ngoko afakwe indawana ekhethekile apho predsozrevanie kuqala - kukho kokunciphisa ezo molekyuli neselulosi phantse isiqingatha ngenxa ekwehleni oxidative. Okulandelayo kukho indlela neselulosi kwealkali icarbon disulfide ukunika xanthate. Le mass of orange-ezifana intlama ditiougolnoy acid Ester eqala eziphathekayo. Le Isisombululo viscosity yayo ubizwa ngokuba "viscose".

Okulandelayo kufika ukuhluza asuse ukungcola yokugqibela. umoya zichithakala nje lukhutshwa i "effervescence" kaEtere in vacuo. Yonke le misebenzi ezikhokelela yokuba xanthate uba ngathi kukho ubusi oselula - yellow kunye stringy. Kule kukujikeleza isisombululo ukulungele.

ukufumana ngefayibha

Ewiliko ke extruded ngokusebenzisa spinneret. imicu Artificial eyenziweyo musa nje basonta ngendlela yesiko. Lo msebenzi kunzima ukuthelekisa nge textile elula ibiya kuba oluchanekileyo ukuze kuthi ukuba kukho imichiza evumela ukuba izigidi imijelo kwimicu viscose engamanzi ukuba eqinileyo. Kwi kummandla Russian of viscose yintlama wafumana kunye siblon. Uhlobo lwesibini ifayibha kunye namaxesha nesiqingatha onamandla ngaphezu lowo wokuqala, luphawulwa nenkani alkalis, izicwili kwahluka ngenxa yolo hygroscopicity degree asezantsi shrinkage kunye ndezela. Kwaye ke umahluko kwiinkqubo imveliso viscose kwaye siblona ivele ngexesha xa bath coagulation emva iyafa aba "bantu" kwimicu nje zokwenziwa.

Chemistry uncedo

Kuba viscose ibe bath izaliswe sulphuric acid. Kujongwe ukuba yokubola kaEtere, apho imicu neselulosi enyulu. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba bafumane siblona bath zafakwa nezinki sulfate, uEster ngokuyinxenye hydrolyzed yokubonelela komqobo, ngoko kwayo kuya kuba xanthate intsalela. Ngoko ke yintoni enika? Imicu zaye ke phantsi ekusoluleni nokwakha. Xa imicu polymeric abo amathambo xanthate wafumana kume amatyathanga neselulosi polymeric ecaleni esqwini ifayibha, kunokuba uzibeke ngokwazo, njengoko okufana viscose eziqhelekileyo. Emva ngokuzoba yeflakisi Imisonto isikwe shpatelki omise 2-10 ubude. iinkqubo Emva ezimbalwa ngaphezulu kwenziwa ngokucinezela imicu zibe amabhali. imithi okulahlwayo ezaneleyo ukufumana 500 kg yintlama, evela kwi kwimicu 400 kg siblona. kwincindi ojikeleza lwenziwa malunga iintsuku ezimbini.

Kufuneka wenze ntoni na siblonom?

Xa yee-, ezi imicu zokwenziwa asetyenziswa ongeziweyo ukuba yomqhaphu to vulu, basonta ngcono kwaye eqwengiweyo. Ukusuka siblona wenza zeendawana phantsi kwesikhumba bethutyana, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ekwenziweni asbestos. Ngoko ke Iinjineli Ayengenamdla zokudalwa into entsha, kufuneka ifayibha kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze aziwe.

Xa West ngexesha modulus eliphezulu Imicu viscose rayon kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amalaphu ezahluke amandla kunye cheapness kuthelekiswa umqhaphu, kodwa ukufuma wendele kakuhle kwaye aphefumle. Ngoku Russia akuthethi zihlala ziyiprophathi kwimimandla umqhaphu, ngoko siblon ulindelo eziphakamileyo. Kuphela imfuno kuba alikafiki elikhulu kunene, ukuze amalaphu kunye nempahla imveliso yasekhaya ngoku phantse akukho mntu uthenga.

imicu Polymer

Zidla zahlulwe zendalo, synthetic neyenziweyo. imicu yemvelo abo ukubunjwa lwenziwa phantsi kweemeko zendalo. Zidla zihlelwa imvelaphi, equlungqa ukwakhiwa kwawo kwemichiza isilwanyana kunye nemifuno. Eyokuqala ibandakanya protein, oko kukuthi carotene. Le silika noboya. Igosa elingumvi oyintloko libe kwincindi, isiHindi kunye lignin.

imicu Artificial eyenziweyo zifunyanwa processing lwemichiza Iipholima sezibona kwindalo. Bavuma ukuba kwimicu acetate, rayon, alginate kunye ziiprotein. Njengoko izinto raw ukulungiselela zabo okwakhiwa okanye sulfite emthini. Ukukhutshwa imicu zokwenziwa yenziwe ngohlobo ezithambileyo kunye neengcingo, kwakunye ngohlobo ifayibha kutyiwa apho kusetyenzwa kunye nezinye Imicu ngexesha lenkqubo ukuvelisa amalaphu ezahlukeneyo.

Synthetic ifayibha polyamide olufunyenwe Iipholima eyenziwe ngokuzenzela. Le feedstock asetyenziswe kwinkqubo enjalo imicu polymeric wabumba macromolecules guquka yomgama okanye izakhiwo branched kancinane ukuba abaninzi kakhulu - ngaphezulu kwe-15,000 amu kunye elimxinwa kakhulu eziphilayo distribution weight. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo imicu eyenziwayo ukuze kube kwiqondo eliphezulu amandla, indawo ebalulekileyo ixabiso kuthelekiswa zobude, luthambe, ukumelana imithwalo ezininzi, deformation encinane ntsalela kunye ibuyambo ekhawulezileyo emva kususwa umthwalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukongeza ukusetyenziswa lokuthunga bezisetyenziselwa njengento nokuqinisa ekwenziweni zisasilela, nabo bonke oko kwakhokelela ngokweempawu ezizodwa imicu zokwenziwa.

isiphelo

Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, umntu uyakwazi ukubona ukunyuka okuthe chu kakhulu kwamanani phambili kuphuhliso imicu ezintsha polymeric, ingakumbi para-aramid, polyethylene, ubushushu ezingatshiyo, edityanisiweyo, ogama isakhiwo - elingumongo-iqokobhe Iipholima heterocyclic, eziquka amasuntswana ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo, isiliva okanye ezinye iintsimbi. Ngoku izinto nylon - oku zobunjineli phezulu, njengoko ngoku kukho inani elikhulu imicu ezintsha.