Kwiintaba izimvu ukusonga: imizekelo

Yonke imbali zejoloji Earth (malunga 4.5 bhiliyoni ubudala) livalelwe kwitafile encinane geochronological zenziwe zizazinzulu. Ngeli xesha, ke ahlukana amazwekazi sihamba kunye neelwandle ziye zatshintsha ukuma kwabo. Phezu umhlaba wethu Obumbe iintaba, ngoko zatshatyalaliswa ke, kwaza ke esikhundleni sabo Kwavela iintaba entsha - enkulu yaye ngaphezulu.

Eli nqaku sigxile omnye neminyaka zokuqala Umhlaba yokukhwabusha - malunga zamanzi. sagcina elingakanani? Zeziphi iintaba zibe ngeli xesha? Yaye yintoni na kwiintaba izimvu yokukhwabusha - phezulu okanye phantsi?

Ixesha Earth ukusonga

yonke imbali lwesakhiwo intaba kwiplanethi yethu yahlulwe zizazinzulu izihlandlo eqhelekileyo, ixesha, waza wazibiza yokusonga. Siyenze le nto ngokuyintloko ukukwenzela lula. Kakade ke, akukho amakhefu ekubunjweni ngaphantsi komhlaba ayizange.

Lilonke inani lamaxesha ezinjalo kwimbali planethi ivelele ezintandathu. Le yokukhwabusha endala - Archean, kanye lama - Alpine, leyo uyaqhubeka namhlanje. Zidweliswe apha ngezantsi yonke yokukhwabusha zejoloji Earth, ukuze kwazo:

• Archean (iminyaka 4,5-1,2 billion eyadlulayo).
• Izimvu (iminyaka 1,2-0,5 billion eyadlulayo).
• Caledonian (eminyakeni million 500-400 eyadlulayo).
• Hercynian (eminyakeni million 400-230 eyadlulayo).
• Mesozoic (eminyakeni million 160-65 eyadlulayo).
• Alpine (eminyakeni million 65 eyadlulayo ukuya namhlanje).

izakhiwo kubume ukuba kwasekwa nokuba kwisakhiwo entabeni yobudala kuthiwa ngokufanelekileyo - Baikalides, Hercynides, Caledonides etc ...

Okulandelayo senza iinkcukacha iintaba edume i zamanzi ukusonga. Sixelele apho zifumaneka zona ukukhangela ngayo ngaphandle.

esibayeni izimvu: sikhokelo ngokulandelelanayo iimpawu ngokubanzi ngexesha

Ixesha of orogeny emhlabeni, yelo xesha ukusuka kwiminyaka 650 ukuya 550 yezigidi yembali yedeskthopi Womhlaba (Riphean - Cambrian), ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zamanzi ukusonga. Iqale malunga 1.2 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo yaye yaphela malunga 500 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. era yokwakheka yathiywa emva Lake izimvu, njengoko inxalenye osemazantsi eSiberia kwasekwa ngeli xesha. Lo gama laqala ukusetyenziswa komhlaba Russian UNikolai Shatsky kwi imi--30.

I izimvu ukusonga, yokusonga ngenxa ukusebenza iinkqubo ze mlilo kunye granitisation ngamandlakazi komhlaba, kwasekwa iqela izakhiwo ezintsha zejoloji kwi umzimba iplanethi yethu. Njengomgaqo, kwavela imfundo enjalo phezu ngaphandle kumaqonga yamandulo.

iintaba gumbini izimvu yokukhwabusha ingafunyanwa kwi kummandla Russia. Oku, umzekelo, Khamar-Daban intaba uluhlu kwi Buryatia kunye Timan Ridge emntla. Benza khangela njani ngaphandle? Kwiintaba izimvu yokukhwabusha liya kuba phezulu okanye ezantsi? Makhe ukuphendula lo mbuzo.

Njani Baikalides

Baikalides kwasekwa ixesha elide eyadlulayo. Nokuba yi imilinganiselo ixesha zomhlaba. Ngoko ke kusengqiqweni ukuba uninzi lwabo ngoku zikwimeko esihle. Izigidi zeminyaka, ezi zakhiwo ziye phantsi denudation esebenzayo aqotywa ziinguqu umoya, imvula, ubushushu. Ngenxa yoko, ezintabeni izimvu yokukhwabusha asezantsi okanye ulinganisele ubude.

Eneneni, Baikalides yokuphakama kunqabile ngaphezu 2000 iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Oku kube lula ukubona ukuba thelekisa iimephu emzimbeni ziitectonic plates yomhlaba. Kwi iimephu zejoloji kwaye ziitectonic plates ye kwiintaba izimvu ukusonga, njengoko umthetho, ziphawulwe ezibomvu.

Nangona kunjalo, le Baikalides yamandulo kwiindawo ezininzi zomhlaba ziye ngokupheleleyo wachacha (sihlaziyekile) kamva wasezintabeni iintshukumo ziitectonic plates. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kwathi eCaucasus ne Turkey.

Nezakheko zejoloji izimvu yokusonga kakhulu liphathelene oovimba ezibalulekileyo zesinyithi non-ayoni. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi kwabo zicwangciswe le iidipozithi zizityebi lesigidi, inkcenkce, izinc, ubhedu nenkcenkce.

Kwiintaba izimvu ukusonga: imizekelo

zolwakhiwo mhlaba eli phakade zifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ba eRashiya kunye Kazakhstan, Iran, Turkey, India, France kunye Australia. Baikalides elise kunxweme yoLwandle Olubomvu inxalenye kuhlawula kummandla Brazil.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba eli gama "izimvu yokusonga" Kuyinto eqhelekileyo kuphela iincwadi isithuba post-Soviet zenzululwazi. Kwamanye amazwe, eli xesha ingabizwa ngokwahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, eYurophu oko ngexesha kunxibelelana Kadoma kunye ukusonga Assyntian, Australia - Luinskaya, Brazil - igama Brazilian elifanayo.

Ngaphakathi Russia le Baikalides edume ingqalelo isakhiwo kubume:

• Eastern Sayan.
• Khamar-Daban.
• Zamanzi Iintaba.
• Yenisei Ridge.
• Timan Ridge.
• Patom Highlands.

Izimvu ezintabeni yokusonga eRashiya. zamanzi Mountains

Igama le zokhahlamba nobona igama elithile elizibalula siya sisa orogeny. Ngoko ke, siya kuqalisa eziphambili iimpawu Baikalides Russia.

Izimvu Iintaba erhangqwe isitya of Lake ukusuka emantla-ntshona. Kuxhomekeke ngaphakathi kummandla Irkutsk kunye Buryatia. Ubude lilonke kummango ngumgama oziikhilomitha 300.

Kumantla kobume zejoloji uqhubeka ezibonakalayo Ridge Akitkan. Ubude avareji yale Baikalides yobubanzi phakathi kweemitha 1800-2100. Ingongoma eliphezulu le Ridge - le Cherskogo phezulu (2588 m). Le ntaba ogama lakhe behlonipha esiphambili, owenza igalelo elikhulu ukufunda uhlobo lommandla zamanzi.

empumalanga Sayan Mountains

Eastern Sayan Iintaba - inkulu ntaba uluhlu emazantsi eSiberia, ndisolulela phantse ophosa. Mhlawumbi eyona inamandla phakathi Baikalides Russia. Ingongoma iphezulu ifikelela East Sajana 3491 imitha (Mountain Munch-Sardyk).

East Sayans eyakhiwa ngokuyintloko of nzima crystalline rock - gneiss, quartzite, amphibolite naziiperile. Ezinzulwini yayo bafumana iidipozithi eninzi yegolide, webauxite kunye mifanekiso. Uziqwalasele loza intle mpuma zintaba, ebizwa ngabakhenkethi Tunkinskie Alps.

kakhulu kuphuhliswa (ngokwemiqathango orographic) East Sajana central nesabelo. Siqulathe massifs entabeni ephakamileyo, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo izityalo subalpine kunye nohlobo landscape. Ngaphakathi Eastern Sayan kurums abaninzi. Le ndawo enkulu iidipozithi amatye, eliquka amaqhekeza ontlakantlaka nasemaweni nobukhulu obahlukeneyo.

ntaba Byrranga

Byrranga - enye iintaba ezinomdla kakhulu le zamanzi ukusonga. Bona elise kumntla Taimyr Peninsula. Ezintabeni uthotho nasentshonalanga ngamnye, amathafa lihlangana kunye umhlaba, anamandla ezinzulu neentlambo kumkhombe nemixawuka. Ubude lilonke kuluhlu intaba - malunga 1,100 neekhilomitha.

"Kukho ubukumkani nakoomoya abakhohlakeleyo, ilitye, ice kunye nto ngakumbi '- ngoko wabhala kwezi ndawo Nganasans, abameli enye bomthonyama eSiberia. Eyokuqala sabonisa iintaba Byrranga wamazwe Russian Alexander Middendorf.

Ezi ziintaba iphantsi kakhulu. Nangona muhle encomekayo, njengoko kubekwe ekunene kwi olwandle. ukuphakama Ubuninzi yencopho yi 1146 kuphela mitha. Isiqabu yale zokhahlamba zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Apha ungabona kumathambeka kunye nokuthantamisa, iincopho caba yasho, kwakunye iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ngumkhenkce.

Yenisei kunye Timan Ridge

Baikalides omaziyo ne-Russia, siza kugqibezela inkcazelo nasentshonalanga ezimbini - i Yenisei kunye Timan. Eyokuqala ibekwe ngaphakathi Central Siberian Plateau , yaye kuphela kwezinye iindawo, ukuphakama ngaphezu kwewaka leemitha. Yenisei Ridge entsonkothileyo yamandulo kwaye kunzima kakhulu rocks - conglomerates, shales, sandstones nemigibe. Isakhiwo igcwele intsimbi, webauxite kunye negolide.

Timan Ridge imi kumntla lizwe. Ibanga ukusuka kuLwandle Barents kude nonxweme kwaye kufuphi phambene etintshaveni. Ubude lilonke kuluhlu intaba - malunga 950 km. Boules ngayo okwanamhlanje wokusiza. Uninzi wamvusa inxalenye yayo engundoqo, leyo yeyona ndawo iphezulu - ilitye Chetlassky (ukuphakama m 471 kuphela). Njengabantu ezinye isakhiwo izimvu ukusonga, Timan Ridge inee- izimbiwa (titanium, webauxite, neagati, njalo njalo).