Imfuno elastic inelastic, isigama luthambe

Imfuno - oku sisixa kwempahla okanye iinkonzo abathengi bazimisele ukuba uthenge ngamaxabiso ngoku ekuhambeni kwexesha. Va Imfuneko yorhwebo kunye nexabiso layo kukho ubudlelwane ilandelayo: i eliphezulu ngexabiso, i mbalwa inani labathengi abazimisele ukuyithenga - vice versa. Oku kuxhomekeka ubizwa ngokuba 'ngumthetho ebango ".

Noko ke, abezoqoqosho kunye abahlalutyi alanelanga nje ukuqikelela ifuthe ubuninzi wafuna utshintsho kumaxabiso angoku. ezibaluleke kakhulu liqondo ngolo tshintsho. Le force apho utshintsho kwemfuno, kuxhomekeke izinto ezahlukeneyo, ubizwa ngokuba 'luthambe ebango ". Zininzi iintlobo eyodwa luthambe ezinjalo: ixabiso, umnqamlezo kunye nengeniso luthambe. uhlobo ngalunye kwezi mpawu.

Ixabiso luthambe ubonisa indlela imfuno kuyahlukana nedlela ukuhla kwamaxabiso, yaye kubonakala ukungavumelani kwe luthambe :

Ed = (ΔQ / Q): (ΔP / P), apho

ΔQ / Q - ukutshintsha isixa iimpahla ezithengiweyo,

ΔP / P - notshintsho ixabiso le mveliso.

Kwakhona ukulinganisa luthambe ebango zibalwe njengepesenti:

Ed =% Q /% P, apho

% Q - Ipesenti ukwanda okanye ukuncipha kwemfuneko,

% P - Ipesenti ukwanda okanye amazinga ukuncipha.

Le ratio ubonisa ukutshintsha indlela imfuno, ukuba ixabiso lempahla ziya ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa nge-1%.

luthambe Cross, nayo, olwahlula inqanaba ukuxhomekeka kwemfuneko imveliso yokuqala, kuxhomekeke ukuhla kwixabiso komnye. Ifomula zesi salathisi imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Eab = (ΔQa / QA): (ΔPb / PB), apho

ΔQa / QA - utshintsho kwemfuneko kwimveliso yokuqala, yaye%;

ΔPb / PB - ukutshintsha ixabiso imveliso b yesibini,%.

luthambe Income esifanayo luthambe yexabiso, kodwa njengomba eziphembelela umgangatho imfuno, ngoku ixabiso ingeniso.

Ei = (ΔQ / Q): (ΔI / I), apho

ΔQ / Q - utshintsho inani impahla bathengisa,

ΔI / I - utshintsho zibe kwinqanaba lengeniso.

Kuxhomekeka inani ndizuze luthambe uyazimela ndidi zilandelayo:

1. Ed = 0.

Kulo mzekelo, siya imfuno inelastic ngokupheleleyo. Zero ixabiso lomlingani kuthetha ukuba nokungazinzi kwamaxabiso zingakuchaphazeli isixa iimpahla ezithengiweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuba amayeza kubalulekile, ezifana insulin.

2. Ed <1.

Ukuba ixabiso liyi kuluhlu 0 ukuya kwi-1, oko kuthetha imfuno inelastic. Ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya kubonakala ubuthathaka kwiintengiso. Ukuba yinkampani ugqiba ukunciphisa eludinini ngeemveliso enesidingo inelastic, endaweni ukwanda kulindeleke kwiintengiso iya kufumana ingeniso ukuhla. Umzekelo iimveliso imfuno inelastic, kukho ukutya kunye nempahla kubalulekile.

3. Ed = 1.

Xa iyunithi luthambe lotshintsho ixabiso akusayi kuchaphazela isixa-mali sengeniso. Kulapha kule meko ubuninzi bobungakanani. Umzekelo nemfuno ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo zothutho, okwakha iyahluka ngokulinganayo kunye imali enyuka.

4. Ed> 1.

imfuno ilastiki, leyo ixhomekeke ncakasana phezu nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Iinkampani ezithengisa iimveliso ezinjalo, kucetyiswa ukunciphisa amaxabiso iimveliso zabo, kuba kuza kwanda ingeniso evela kwintengiso.

5. Ed = ∞.

Oku kuthetha ukuba imfuno le mveliso luphawulwa bhetyebhetye ngokupheleleyo. Ekubeni amaxabiso ezinzileyo utshintsho ngamaxesha athile xa ezifunwa ngayo ezi mveliso. Umzekelo iimveliso ezifana sebenza nobunewunewu.

Kwimfuno elastic inelastic iphenjelelwa yimiba eyahlukeneyo. Leyo ebaluleke kakhulu zezi zilandelayo:

• Inani ababambeleyo le mveliso. Ukuba imveliso kukho ezininzi ababambeleyo elungileyo, kwaye luthambe liya kuba phezulu;

• isabelo le mveliso kumvuzo umthengi lowo. Ukuxhomekeka into bulingane ngqo: oluphezulu ngokwesahlulo, kungona luthambe;

• Ukubaluleka imveliso odla - nokuba iimpahla okanye nezinto zodidi yinto yemihla ngemihla. Kakade ke, imfuno nezinto zodidi yi elastic ngakumbi;

• yexesha. Umthengi has kwexesha elikhulu, kungona luthambe.