ERashiya ngekhulu le-17 leminyaka

I-Russia ekhulwini le-17 yayingqinelana nokuqinisa ukubaluleka komsebenzi wabasebenzi be-serf, ukugqiba ukusekwa kwemarike yelizwe elilodwa, kunye neendawo ezizodwa zemimandla. Izibhanki zaseZemsky zanikezwa ngokungabalulekanga kangako kunaphambili. Iimfuno ezifunekayo zokuphuhliswa kolawulo lokumkani.

Nangona kunjalo, ngekhulu le-17 leminyaka iRashiya isala "ivukela". Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho imisebenzi edlalwa kakhulu.

Uphuhliso lwangaphandle lwezopolitiko lwaseRashiya kwi-17 leminyaka luqala ngokungenelela karhulumente kwiMfazwe Yeminyaka Emashumi Amathathu.

Aba bhankqalazi beli nqanaba baye bahlukana ngokweemeko ezimbini. Kwisigaba sokuqala, iRashiya ngekhulu le-17, kuqala, yatshintsha ixesha leengxaki. Kwinqanaba lesibini, imfuneko yokufezekiswa kwePetrine yaqala ukuyilo.

U-Tsar Mikhail Romanov osanda kutyunjwa wamalungiselela yonke intlalo yoluntu. Kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amandla okwenene ayesandleni sikayise - i-Metropolitan Philaret - ixesha elide. IRashiya ngekhulu le-17 kwakudingeka iphumelele imiphumo yeengxaki. Ngulo msebenzi owawunikwe i-tsar.

Ukuphunyezwa kolawulo oluphambili, inkqubo yesalathisi isetyenzisiweyo, kwiindawo apho abadala abakhethiweyo bathatyathwa yi-voivods ezivela kwiziko. Kwintliziyo yomkhosi kwakuyizidima. Ngenxa yenkonzo yabo bafumana isabelo semhlaba kunye nabahlali. Kodwa, ngokubhekiselele kwendiza yokugqibela ngexesha leengxaki, iziza zazingabalulekanga ngokuthe ngqo. Urhulumente, ukwandisa ixesha lokukhangela ababaleki, udlulisela iifayile zokukhangela kwi-oda lomnxeba. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu, ukuhamba kweentlanga ezivela kwifa lilingana necala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka, kwakukho imfuneko yokulungelelanisa imithetho ekhoyo. Ngenxa yale njongo, ikhomishini ekhethekileyo yabizwa. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-1649 i- Sobornoe Ulozhenie yamkelwa , eyagqiba umbutho we-serfdom. Ngaloo ndlela, ukukhangela ababaleki bahlala behlala ngokungapheliyo, imeko yeserafa. Ukongeza, amanye amanqaku ayomeleza amandla obukhosi. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukumkani obumela umhlaba bube bukhulu. I-Absolutism incike kwiindawo ezihlala kumazwe kunye nabahloniphekileyo.

Ngethuba lokubusa kuka-Alexei Mikhailovich, i-Zemsky Sobor iphelile ukuqokelela, i- Boyar Duma ilahlekelwa yinto ebalulekileyo. U kumkani ubala abantu abathembekileyo (iDuma kufuphi), kodwa wenza izigqibo ngokuzimela.

Uphuhliso lwezentengiso lubonakaliswa ngokubonakala kwezinto zokuthengisa, ukwahlula kwabasebenzi. Amashishini asetyenziswa kwimveliso. Isetyenziswe kunye nokusebenza kwabasebenzi (abasebenzi bebaninzi inzala yabantu abamnyama kunye nama-serfs).

Iinzame zokuphucula i-rhu lumente ilizwe liye lenza phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka. Ukulungiswa kwexesha kwakuthetha utshintsho kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zobomi ezijolise ekuqiniseni i-absolutism kunye nesoferethi. Ukuguqulwa kwakufuneka kuqiniswe ukuphuhliswa kwentela kunye nophuhliso lwezobugcisa lombuso. Ezi zinjalo zinguqu kwiinkalo zentlalo, ezomnotho, zokomoya nezangaphakathi ezibonisa inkulungwane ye-17.

I-Russia yonke le nkulungwane yayinokwandisa ummandla wayo. Ngaloo ndlela, uTyar Alexei Mikhailovich unamathele i-Ukraine (i-Little Russia) kwilizwe. Ngelo xesha eZaporozhye Cossacks, eholwa nguKhmelnitsky, yahlubuka e-Ukraine. Ukuvukela kwaba yimfazwe yabantu. Ukoyika iimfazwe zempi ezalandela emva kweTurks nasePoles, abavukeli bacela uncedo oluvela eRashiya. Ngo-1653, i -Ukraine ibhanki yasekhohlo yahlonywa . Oku kwavusa imfazwe neRzeczpospolita. Ukulwa kwaphela ekuqwalaselweni kwesihlomelo seRashiya encinci. Ukongeza, iRashiya yamkela uSmolensk, kwaye ngo-1686 - eKiev.

Ukungaphumeleli kwehlela urhulumente waseRashiya kwimfazwe yaseRashiya-yaseSweden, kunye nakwiiprogram zeCrimea. Kodwa, ngelo xesha, iindawo zaseMpumalanga zaseSiberia zahlonywa, ukugqitywa kwiphondo lasePacific kwagqitywa, kwaye umda weChina wawusekwa kwakhona.