Isikebhe se-U-19: imbali, i-destiny, isithombe

I-submarine yase-Soviet eyaziwayo i-K-19, eneembali zezona zinto ziphawulekayo kwiimoto zaseRashiya, ziyaziwa ngenxa yesimo sayo esingonwabi. Kuyo kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo kwakukho iziganeko ezininzi ezithatha ubomi boogqithisa.

Ukudalwa kwe-K-19

Yiyiphi i-submarine eyaziwayo k-19? Imbali yalo mkhumbi ukuya kumntu ohlala namhlanje ukhunjulwa ngenxa yefilimu ye-2002 kunye noHarrison Ford ebalulekileyo indima. Lo mdwebo ophantsi kwegama elinye elithi "K-19" wawunqabile ezininzi zeekhamera zehlabathi waza wakhumbula indlela ihlabathi elikufutshane ngayo le nhlekelele yenyukliya. Nangona kunjalo, ifilimu, ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo, ayibonanga yonke into eyenzekayo kwinqanawa.

Inqanawa yase-K-19, ingembali yayo ayizange ifumaneke kumaqela aseHollywood amaninzi, aqala ngo-1958. Emva koko uRhulumente waseSoviet wagqiba kwelokuba kwakudala ixesha lokudala owokuqala kwi-Navy. Unokuba yingxabano ebalulekileyo kwimpikiswano enzima kunye ne-United States. Inkoliso yenkonzo yerwandle yasemanzini yawa nje ngexesha leMfazwe yeCold. Ngenxa yokuba i-K-19 yayingaba yimbangela yokuvuza kwemisebe, yayingabizwanga ngokuthi "Hiroshima".

INPS yeProjekthi

Xa inkwenkwezi yase-K-19 yayikho kuphela kwiphepha, kwacaca kubaqulunqi beSoviet ukuba le projekthi yayiza kuba isigaba sesinye isizwe kunye ne-United States. Ngo-1958, amagosa ase-United States adala i-ofisi efihlakeleyo eyakha isitya esifanayo, uGeorge Washington.

Iinjineli zaseSoviet zazingxama. Ngo-Oktobha 17, 1958 waqala ukusebenza ekudalweni kolwandle lokuqala lwenyukliya e-USSR. Abakhi bobugcisa kunye nabaqulunqi basebenze kule projekthi bejikeleza iwashi ngaphandle kwekhefu. Inkqubo yaqhubeka. Izitshintshi ezintathu zasebenza, ezibekwe iiyure ezingama-7 iintsuku ezi-7 ngeveki. Kwomnye "umlambo" onjalo abantu abathathu abangabandakanyeka. Inkqubo enokukhawuleza yokulungiselela umkhumbi yangenza ndiyazi ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza. Ngethuba lokupenda kwendawo yokugcina iinqanawa, kwaphuma umlilo. Abasebenzi ababini babulawa.

Ukungaphumeleli ukudala

Inqanawa engamahlwempu e-K-19, eneembali ezithandabuzwayo kunye neziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, yaqalisa ingxaki kwakhona ngexesha lokuqaliswa kokuqala kwe-reactor. Iphutha lobuchwephesha lenze ukuba inkxalabo ngaphakathi kwegumbi igqithise imigangatho yokhuseleko kabini. Ngethuba le thamsanqa akukho mntu wathola umthamo obulalayo weemitha.

Ukongezelela, abaqulunqi bavumelekile ukuba baqhube iinqanawa ezincinane. Esi siphene sasikhokelela ekubeni i-kharnesi eK-19 yayigwiliselwa emanzini, yaphantse iguqulwe. Kwakudingeka iphakanyiswe kwimodi yokuxakeka kwimigangatho embalwa. Ngethuba lokusebenza, i-missile carrier carrier yatshabalalisa iinqanawa ezakhelene nazo, ezathatha inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo.

Kubaluleke kwezopolitiko

Kwaye kamva, iingcali zazixubusha phakathi kwazo malunga nokuba kungafanelekile ukukhawuleza ukwenza i-yerwandle. Iingxoxo zengcali kulo mzekelo zivela kwimvelaphi. Ilizwi elinqabileyo lalilopolitiki. Kwi-nkokheli yobukhomanisi babefuna ukufumana iK-19 ngokukhawuleza ukwenzela ukuba babe nengxabano kwimpikiswano yabo ne-US. Iingxaki zokusebenza eMoscow zazingenakunomdla kumntu. Apho babe nethemba lokuba iziphene ziyakulungiswa kakade ngexesha lokusebenzisa i-yerwandle.

Abanye abaqulunqi kunye neengcali zempi zilungele le mbono ngombono wobugcisa. Xa kuziwa kwiinqanawa zesizukulwana esitsha (yintoni eyayihamba ngeenqwelo-moya zaseSoviet K-19), akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela zonke iingxaki ezinokwenzeka kwiphepha. Iimpazamo kulo mzekelo zifanele zilungiswe ngento yokuba zikhona.

Isiganeko sokuqala elwandle

I-K-19 yaqaliswa ngo-Oktobha 11, 1959. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambili, i- US Army yayifumene "uGeorge Washington" efanayo. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kokusebenza, i- American submarine yayingcono kunomkhumbi we-Soviet. Kwakunomda ophezulu wokutshatyalaliswa, kwaxhotyiswa ngezixhobo ezininzi zeekliya. Iinqwelomba "eGeorge Washington" ngamandla akhe amaninzi amaxesha angaphezulu kweebhomu eziye zawa e-Hiroshima ngo-1945.

Ngo-Apreli 12, 1961, mhla u-Yuri Gagarin ehambela kwi-space, inhlekelele eLwandle lwaseBarents yayichukumisa ihlabathi lonke. I-K-19 yayidlula ngokusondeza kwinqwelowa elwandle "iNautilus", eyayiyi-United States kwaye yaqhutyelwa ukuhlonishwa kwinqanaba laseSoviet. Ukuxhatshazwa kugwenywe ngomzuzu wokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza, inqanawa yahamba kunye nezantsi. Le nqanawa ayizange ithintelwe yintlekele.

Ukuhluleka kokuphendula

Ehlotyeni kwaloo nyaka ngo-1961, intlekele yenzeke kwi-K-19, eyaziwa emva kweminyaka emininzi emva kokugqitywa kwamaxwebhu. Emva koko inqanawa inxaxheba kwiimigodi yamanzi e-Arctic. I-reactor yaqhekeza, ngenxa yokuba ezinye iikhamphani zazingekho kwindawo yombane. I-crew kufuneka ilahle i-defect ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo. Le nqanawa yagcinwa ekubhujisweni, kodwa abanye abaloliwe bahlawula ngobomi babo. Baye bavezwa kwimizila emlilweni baza bafa ngeentlungu ezimbi.

Imiphumo yengozi kwiimeko ezimbi kunokuba yingozi. Kukho ukusuleleka kwi-World Ocean Ocean. Kwaye isizathu salesi siza kuba yinto ehamba nge-K-19 kuphela. Ibali lelo ganeko ekusebenziseni umzimba lalihlelwe. Amaxhoba afumana amabhaso karhulumente.

Ukubuyiselwa kweenqanawa enkonzweni

Emva kwentlekele ka-1961, isebe lempi laseSoviet lagqiba ukucima i-K-19. Imbali yenkwenkwezi ngexesha elifutshane kangaka sele lizele zonke iintlobo zeentlungu, kwaye umzimba wayo wahlaselwa yimisebe. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha elibucayi, abasebenzi bathi ilizwi labo. Abanqamana nabo bazinikela ngokuvakalayo ukuba baqeshise igalelo lexesha eliphuthumayo kwaye bathathe imfazwe eyingozi. Abantu basebenze kwiimeko ezingenakubekezeleka. Abaninzi baye bafa ngendlela efanayo nabafana babo ngexesha lesiganeko e-Arctic. Amanqanaba aphezulu akhangele le meko ngeminwe yabo. Umkhosi wayefuna ukugcina umkhombe obalulekileyo ngokubaluleka, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaxhoba.

Xa i-K-19, ekugqibeleni, yahlanjululwa, yathatyathwa kwi-port yasekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, endleleni kwakhona, kwenzeka okungalindelekanga. Kungekude neSeverodvinsk isikhephe sasiye ematyeni. Iinqanawa ezityumkileyo zaphela ngamandla kwaye i-generator yahlala phantsi. Abasebenzi babephelelwa ukutya. Le nqanawa kwakufuneka iqhube enye into yokuhlangula. Emva kwezi ziganeko, igumbi elidala lase-rocket lakhukhulwa kufuphi neNovaaya Zemlya. Inqanawa i-K-19 (ubukhulu bayo, ngokukodwa) yenze utshintsho kunye nosuku. Kuphela emva kowe-1961 wakwazi ukutshisa ukusuka kwindawo yamanzi ngenxa yokwanda kwimizila yomlilo.

Ukudibana kunye neGato

Kwexesha elithile isigxina se-K-19 se-engmarine asizange sikhathazeke. Ngowe-1967, yaqatshelwa njengeyona nqanawa ephezulu kwinkonzo yeNtshona Fleet. Umyalelo kunye nabahamba ngeenqwelo-moya babeziva ukuba iintlungu ezihlobene ne-K-19 zashiywa emva. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kube njalo.

NgoNovemba 15, 1969, kwi-mission yoqeqesho eLwandle lwaseBarents, i-submarine yaseSoviet yadibana ne "udade" waseMelika. I-Gato yenza ukuhlonishwa ngokukufutshane nomda we-USSR. Ukuphikisana kwakunokukhawuleza, kodwa amaMerika anquma ukuba amaRussia aye ngenjongo yokwenza i-ramming. Emva koko umlawuli wegumbi kunye ne-torpedoes kwiGato wanika umyalelo wokuvula umlilo kwiintshaba. Abantu baseMelika babekho neentloko zeempikliya. Imfa yokufa yayingabangela iMfazwe Yehlabathi YesiThathu. Nangona kunjalo, umthetheli walo mkhumbi akazange afune ukuhlasela ummelwane waza wabuya ukuba abuyele. Ingozi yaphetshwa.

Umlilo ngowe-1972

Ngomhla kaFebruwari 24, 1972, abasebenzi baqaphela umsi kwikamelo lesithoba. Kungekudala umlilo waphuma. Abanqwelisi bavela kwezinye iinqanawa zeenqanawa beva ukukhala kunye nokukhwehlela. Ukufa kwenkwenkwezi yase-K-19 yayisondele ngakumbi kunanini ngaphambili. Ngokomthetho, abahamba ngeenqwelo-moya babengenakukwazi ukuvula igumbi elibanjwe ngomlilo ukuphepha umlilo kuloo mkhumbi. Icandelo elitywinwe le-K-19 liphendulwe njengesithando somlilo, apho kwakungeke kwenzeke khona ukusinda. Naphezu kweendlela zokukhusela zabasebenzi, umlilo waqala ukusasazeka kulo lonke unqanawa.

Emva koko uKaputeni Kulibaba wanikela umyalelo wokunyuka. Kwakuyisigqibo esinzima. Ngoku abantu baseMerika babona i-K-19. Imbali yenqanawa, iifoto, iimpawu ezisisiseko-konke oku kwakuseWashington. Nangona kunjalo, nakhona apho, abazange bacinge ukuba umkhombe ongenakonwaba ubuya kuphinda ungene engxakini ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka ekulweni.

Ukuhlangula abasebenzi

Isiganeko saxelwa eMoscow. Kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva, iinkokeli zeqela zifunde ngomlilo. Kuye kwagqitywa ukuba uqhagamshelane nomnqanawa kuphela kanye ngosuku ukunciphisa ithuba lokuphambaniswa ngabantu baseMerika. Ngelo xesha, iinqanawa ezincedisayo ezisibhozo zaya kwi-K-19.

Le meko yayiyinkimbinkimbi yinto yokuba kwindawo apho iinqanawa zaziye khona, isiphepho sagubha. Isiqhwithi seveki ezintathu asizange sivumele iinqanawa ezizayo ukuba zisize i-K-19. Abahlanguli bazama ukuyihlawula. Nangona kunjalo, iindophi ezifunekayo kulo msebenzi zachithwa rhoqo.

Okwangoku, abasebenzi abaphantsi kwamanzi bazama ukwenza konke ukuze baphile. Enye yemisebenzi yakhe yayikuthintela ukusasazeka komlilo kwigumbi lomkhosi. Ukuba le nto yenzeke, ukutshatyalaliswa kweemfazwe ze-athomu kuya kwenzeka. Ngomhla wesithathu, ifowuni yafunyanwa kwinqanaba lexakeka kwinqanaba elithile elivaliweyo. Abanqanawa ababevalelwe khona basinda. Akukho mntu wayelindele. Kodwa ngoku kwakuyimfuneko ukunceda abantu abahlala bucala. Baye baxhala nje. Imoya yavutyelwa ngepayipi, eyayihlose ukukhawuleza ukupompoza kwamanzi.

Bonke oomkhumbi bazama ukungazilahli amandla abo ngexabiso kwaye bangabi nkunkuma ye-oksijeni exabisekileyo. I-crew yayisindiswa kuphela ngomhla wama-23, xa isimo sezulu sagcina sicoce. Wabulala abahlanguli ababini kunye nabanqwelwana abangama-28 kwinqwelo-moya. Emva kwesiganeko kwi-Navy, kwavela iingxabano malunga nokuba bekuyimfuneko ukubhala i-K-19. Inqanawa kwakhona yafumana abakhuseli abanamandla phezulu, ababekhusele umkhumbi wamanyukliya.

Ukuphela kwenkonzo

Kwiminyaka elandelayo, inkonzo ye-K-19 yayicace. Wayekhishwa kwi-fleet ngo-1990. Ngowe-2003, kwagqitywa ekubeni ilahleke i-submarine engonwabanga. Bawusindise kuphela ukungena, okuso kwisixeko saseSnezhnogorsk kwingingqi yaseMurmansk.

Ngethuba leenkonzo ze-K-19, ngaphezu kwamawaka angamakhulu amathathu amawaka e- nautical miles. Inqanawa yenza imisebenzi emininzi yokulwa kwaye yaqalisa imirhubhe ebini yamabhola. Nangona kunjalo, nangona le mi sebenzi igqityiweyo, i-K-19 iyaziwa kakhulu ngeziganeko zayo ezininzi kunye neziganeko.