Boyar Duma

Imvelaphi yegama elithi "boyar" ayiyaziwa namhlanje. Kwakhona akukho mithombo ekhompyutheni apho kuya kuchazwa ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni eyabelwe yona. Kuyaziwa ukuba aba ngabacebisi abasondele kwesikhulu, abancedisayo ekuxazululeni imiba ebalulekileyo yelizwe.

I-Boyar Duma libhunga elingunaphakade phantsi kwesikhulu, oye wagqiba kwemibuzo ephezulu yeZemsky. Imisebenzi yakhe yayinokholo. Ngokwakheko, ngaphandle kweenkwenkwezi, kwakukhona i-vigilantes, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kunye nabameli befundisi abakhulu.

I-Boyar Duma ixazulule imiba ephambili yolawulo, umgaqo- nkqubo wangaphandle , umthetho kunye nenkundla. Ngelo xesha baxoxwa kunye nenkosana (tsar). Ukhuphiswano, amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi ayichazwanga. Njengomthetho, abantu abaninzi babesiya kwibhunga, kodwa ukuba ingxoxo ebaluleke kakhulu ixoxwa, intlanganiso yabanjelwa kwifomathi eyandisiweyo. I-Duma yabandakanyeka kwisisombululo semicimbi yonqulo kunye neyomthetho, isakhiwo sombuso sangaphakathi, umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle.

Ubunkokheli beentlanganiso zenziwa yikhulu (tsar), naye wavuma izigqibo ezithathwe. Kwaye xa engekho, le mi sebenzi yanikezwa yinkwenkwe egunyazisiweyo. Xa usombulula umbuzo oqhelekileyo ngabaphathi bamazwe amaninzi, iintlanganiso ezidibeneyo zingabanjwa. I-Boyar Duma yayixhomekeke ngokusondeleyo kunye nesikhulu kwaze kwaba yinto eninzi inxalenye yabalindi, abafudukela kuye bevela endaweni ngendawo. Emva koko, emva kokuqinisa isici seZemsky, wafumana ukuzimela okukhulu.

I-Boyar Duma phambi kwekhulu le-15 yayihlanganiswe njengoko kuyimfuneko. Kamva waba ngumzimba wocetyiswa ngonaphakade, owawuquka iDuma madikoni, i-boyars, okolnichi, i-Duma. Abokuqala babephethe iincwadi kwaye babhala izigqibo. Baphathiswe i-ambassadorial, i-local and dial affairs. Umabhalana weDuma wayengumgangatho ophantsi kakhulu kwibhunga.

Inkundla yenkundla "okolnichiy" yayikho kwimeko yaseRussia ukusuka kwi-13 ukuya kwele-18 leminyaka. Ekuqaleni, imisebenzi yabo yayiquka ifowuni yokuhamba kwesikhulu, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo kunye nabaposisi. Okolnichy wayengowesibini weDuma emva kwenkwenkwe. Abantu abaphethe eli thutyana bamiselwa abalawuli bezemimandla, abaphathi bee-oda, bathatha inxaxheba kwimibutho yenkundla.

Isikhundla seDuma sasisikhundla sesithathu seDuma. Bahambisa imiyalelo, bamiselwa yi-voevoda, benza imisebenzi yemikhosi kunye nenkundla, bathatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zeDuma. Inani labo lincinci, bona, njengommiselo, babengamazwi awaziwayo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 (1606), uNkosana Vasily Shuisky, umfana obizwa ngokuba ngu-boyar, "wamemeza" kwiZemsky Sobor ukulawula. Ukuze azenzele inkxaso ye-Duma okanye ubuncwane ngandlela-thile iphosakele isimo sengqondo sayo sokuzondeka, i-tsar entsha inqume ukuhlangabezana neengxelo ze-aristocracy kwaye ithathe iimbopheleleko. Ngaloo nto, wafungela isifungo ngohlobo lwe "rekodi yokusika," apho wathembisa ukuba akayi kuthi: agwebe ngaphandle kweDuma, ahlazise ngaphandle kwesizathu esaneleyo, aze athathe impahla kwiintsapho ezenziweyo. Ngaloo ndlela, amandla okumkani awanamkhawulo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenza oko, izibophelelo azizange ziphunyezwe. Ngelo xesha, isifungo sikaVasily Shuisky sithathwa ngabalwazi-mbali njengeyinyathelo yokuqala ekudaleni umgaqo-mthetho womthetho.

Inkosi yenkwenkwe yayinabalandeli abambalwa, ngokuqhelekileyo yayitshintshile imibutho yakhe kunye neembono. Walungisa amalungelo akhe esihlalweni sobukhosi kunye nobudala bendalo. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abazange bamthembe. Akazange asebenzise igunya okanye uthando, kuba ilizwi lakhe alizange likholelwe. Esi sizathu sokubhukuqwa kwakhe, okwenzeka ngoJulayi 17, 1610.

I-Boyar Duma yahlala kwada kwaphela ukubusa kukaPetros I, ngokukhethekileyo kude kube ngo-1711, xa kwakhiwa iSénate.