Amabanjwa German emfazwe eSoviet Union: imiqathango yamabanjwa, kuhlelwa

Kweli xesha yiSoviet iqela imixholo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye nembali ukusuka sikhokelo ye kuxoxwe ngenxa ezithile yezizathu ngemibono. Ngokukodwa, owalela waphoselwa kwi yonke ndinento yokwenza amabanjwa emfazwe, owalwa ngexesha Second World War kwicala ku Germany. Abayi kubonakala ukuba zikhona. Ngelo xesha, elowo data ezisemthethweni Ministry of Internal Affairs waseUSSR, inani labantu abanjalo yaba bantu 2.389.560, nto leyo ufana abemi ingumasipala mihla. Kwezi 356 678 bafa elindele ukukhululwa.

"Parade of iyivume"

Emva May 24, 1945 kwabakho yayiqandusela edumileyo Red Square, phambi apho kumi yamangcwaba bayo amajoni konk iJamani yamaNazi, eMoscow yasingatha esinye isiganeko ebalulekileyo. Ibali ifakiwe njenge "kuluhlu uyalahlekelwa." Ibali lakhe photo ivula.

NgoJulayi 17 waloo nyaka, ikholam lamajoni Wesithathu, iiyunithi zifakiwe umkhosi eSoviet (ingakumbi abantu abalwa ezintathu Belorussian Front), kunye ndingaphelekwanga exhobileyo, siqhutyelwe ngaphandle komyezo Ring kunye nezinye nasezitratweni ingqukuva. Kule mfuduko abangama-57 amawaka. Amabanjwa German, kulandele ukunkcenkceshela oomatshini ezihambayo, ngokufuziselayo umhlaba iyahlanjisiswa yi "umhlwa zwilakhe." Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba May 24, xa ekundleni kwi Red Square, phezu kombekelelo wamatye kwako amawaka 16. Amajoni-abaphumeleleyo. Ezi ziganeko zimbini ekupheleni ufanelwe kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Inani amabanjwa German emfazwe kwi-USSR

Ngexesha leMfazwe Patriotic oMkhulu NKVD wadalwa ulawulo ekhethekileyo (GUPVI), olawula ngemiba enxulumene amabanjwa emfazwe, yaye kamva emagezeni abantu, eziquka abameli umphakathi yaseJamani amanye amazwe aseYurophu, ngenxa yezizathu okanye enye phantsi inkululeko. Kuyinto ngokwesiseko iingxelo loo Ofisi yamiselwa kamva inani elipheleleyo amabanjwa German emfazwe eSoviet Union.

Kufuneka ngoko nangoko ecacisa ukuba isithethe lusekiwe, ibinzana elithi "amabanjwa German emfazwe" ngokuqhelekileyo iqondwe bonke bathathwa ibanjwa lemfazwe, owalwa ecaleni Wesithathu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaluphi na uhlanga lwabo. Enyanisweni, ezi ziquka abameli 36 ngaphezulu kwiintlanga ngenxa yezizathu okanye ukufumana enye ngokwabo kwi izintlu iqela mdibaniso anti-zwilakhe.

Idatha enikwe iingxelo GUPVI yaye ngowe-1959 kwapapashwa iSebe Wangaphakathi ingxelo USSR (kubo okhankanywe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku), ngeendlela ezininzi babephikisana kunye neziphumo zophando-mbali amazwe. Ngokukodwa, abaphandi waseJamani wathi inani lokwenyaniso zamajoni babanjwa ekuthinjweni eSoviet, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3, apho ubuncinane izigidi 1 wafa ngaphambi kokuba babuyele ekhaya.

Oku kukungangqineli zingachazwa manani. Isibakala sokuba kwiinkampu amabanjwa emfazwe kunye neendawo zomkhosi ngenxa yabantu wavuswa amahlwempu, kunye nentshukumo ngokusoloko ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye ukungena umsebenzi enzima. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ekuqaleni imfazwe inani amabanjwa kwaba ncinane kwaye ngo 1942 kufikelela 9 amawaka phantse. Man. Kuba ixesha lokuqala inani elikhulu baseJamani ─ 100 lamawaka. Namasoldati, amagosa kunye iinjengele ─ athathwa ibanjwa emva ukoyiswa kwazo kwi Idabi Stalingrad.

Indlela ukugcina amabanjwa German emfazwe eSoviet Union?

Lo mbuzo kuphendulwa mzekeliso ezaziwayo-kakuhle: "Njengoko oyihlwayeleyo, ngokunjalo uya kuvuna." Ekubeni ezimasikizi baye benza abahlaseli ngokungenalusini karhulumente kwi ezinabantu, nihle naye intiyo ngokubanzi, akukho imikhosi ingakumbi nabo. amabanjwa amaninzi wafa, abakwazi ukumelana uhambo olude ukuya kwiindawo lokuvalelwa, ngexesha apho abantu naked kwaye belambile kwafuneka ukuba ahambe ukuze soyise emashumini ezimbalwa kweekhilomitha ngemini. Izinga lokufa phakathi kwabo phezulu kakhulu yaye, njengoko umthetho, hayi ziboniswe kwiingxelo.

Ukunqongophala okusisigxina oogqirha abafanelekayo yaba isizathu izinga lokusweleka eliphezulu ngenxa izifo kunye nokwenzakala, kunye nokunqongophala kokutya ngendlela okubangelwa ukungondleki ezingapheliyo nokudinwa kwabakhonkxiweyo. Kodwa kwiimeko apho iimveliso ukuba zithunyelwa kwangexesha, imigangatho zesondlo ebekwe zizincinci ukuba bavunyelwa achache, ukuba ukuphazamisa umsebenzi olunzima emzimbeni. Xa udibanisa yengqele, ezimdaka kunye emxinwa, aqulathe amabanjwa, ngoko kucaca kutheni kwezinye periods yokufa phakathi kwabo kufika 70%.

Ukongeza amajoni kunye namagosa abo balwa kwicala waseJamani, ekuthinjweni eSoviet nawo abameli ezininzi iinjengele zika Wesithathu. Ngokukodwa, emva kokugqitywa Battle of Stalingrad kwanyanzeleka ukuba anikezele 32 German Jikelele, ephethwe yi-Jikelele-Marshal Paulus (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa kweli nqaku). Xa iyonke, ebudeni beminyaka yemfazwe ekuthinjweni baba 376 iinjengele lwamaNazi, ngaye 277 abaye babuyela ekhaya, 99 Wafa nilindele kwilizwe, yaye 18 lokusila-mthetho imfazwe.

kugco- Convention

Uxwebhu ekumiseleni imigangatho yamazwe unyango amabanjwa emfazwe, waye Geneva Convention ka-1929, esayiniweyo ozinzisiweyo ngenxa kumazwe 53 eYurophu, Asia naseMelika, bawucekisile ngurhulumente Stalin ngayo. ESoviet Union alile ukungena ngangenani lazo, kunokuba sanga singabamiselwe ukubandezeleka okukhulu izigidi abemi balo bawa ebudeni beminyaka yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi ekuthinjweni German. Bona bengenakufumana isizalwane Convention ukuya Unyango Amabanjwa kweMfazwe, kwaye esekwe ngokungqinelana neemfuno bemiqathango yawo ngokusemthethweni.

Kwimeko fanayo amaJamani, eyayiqhutyelwa kummandla USSR kwiinkampu eziliqela kunye nakwezinye iindawo yamabanjwa. Abasemagunyeni eSoviet abazange bazigqale kubotshwa ukuba bagcine ngokubhekiselele kuwo nawuphi na nemigangatho ebekwe yi uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Noko ke, ukuba selikho, yamkeleka ngokubanzi, kwaye apha kuphela, kodwa kwelinye ilizwe, iimeko lokuvalelwa kwamabanjwa German eSoviet Union bekusekho enobuntu ngaphezu kwezo ayayilwa eJamani yaye ezinabantu ukuze bakuthi.

Ukusetyenziswa labour POW German

ESoviet Union ebesoloko ngokubanzi nokuxelenga amabanjwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ingaba impahla ezi abemi, enetyala ngenxa yeziphoso mthetho, okanye abo bangamaxhoba zocindezelo kwezopolitiko. Inqubo efanayo yasetyenziswa nxamnye amabanjwa emfazwe. Ukuba ngexesha lemfazwe, igalelo labo kwezoqoqosho yayincinane, iye ndafumana umahluko omkhulu kakhulu kwixesha ezilandelayo.

amabanjwa German emfazwe eSoviet Union na amandla ezininzi cheap yabasebenzi, ngoncedo apho uvuselelo loqoqosho lwesizwe yatshatyalaliswa yimfazwe. amajoni Izolo kunye namagosa Wesithathu babesebenza esakhiweni lwemizi-mveliso, iziporo, amazibuko, amadama, njalo njalo. D. izandla zabo kwakhiwa izindlu izixeko elizweni liphela, yaye basebenza nabo kwi iinkampu ezinkulu, ngokunjalo nophuhliso lwezibonelelo izimbiwa, ezifana uranium , isinyithi esikrwada namalahle. Kule nkalo, abaninzi amabanjwa kwafuneka ukuba achithe iminyaka emininzi kwimimandla ingafikeleleki ekude eSoviet Union.

Kweli xesha kwemfazwe, ilizwe lonke yahlulwa kwiingingqi 15 kwezoqoqosho, 12 apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa yokwaphuka amajoni zangaphambili waseJamani kunye namagosa. Camp amabanjwa German kwi-USSR kwiimeko yamabanjwa kwamabanjwa ayikho eyahlukileyo kakhulu kulawo leyo equlethwe izigidi zabantu zocindezelo kaStalin. Kwakunzima ingakumbi ngexesha lemfazwe.

Isikali womsebenzi owenziwa amabanjwa German emfazwe kwi-USSR 1943 ukuya 1950, njengoko ingxelo ye-Central mali kwiSebe Interior. Ngokutsho izinto ezifumaneka kuzo, kuba ixesha kwiziza zokwakha kuqoqosho lwesizwe belwenziwe ngaphandle ngaphezulu kwe-1 billion (ukuba ngqo - 1077564200) umntu-iintsuku. Kulo mzekelo, isixa kumsebenzi owenziweyo, phantsi amazinga elamkeleke ngaloo minyaka yaba ngama-50 ezigidi engange.

umsebenzi ze phakathi kwabakhonkwixeyo

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, i NKVD baba umsebenzi ekuthandazeni ukudala imeko imfazwe imibutho anti-zwilakhe. kwayo kwaba ukubunjwa ngo-1943, i "Free iJamani" iKomiti yeSizwe, zokuqala ezimbalwa yaye akazange abe nempembelelo phakathi kwabakhonkwixeyo kuba izilingo abameli elikwisikhundla esiphezulu kunye ezintlwini asezantsi yomkhosi.

Nangona kunjalo, lo eziqaqambise wekomiti komelezwa kakhulu emva kokuba wavakalisa umnqweno ukujoyina uLieutenant General Alexander von Daniels ezimbini ezinkulu-jikelele - Otto Korfers kunye noMartin Lattamnn. move yabo kwabangela ngexesha zoqhankqalazo kunye Ukujala zangaphambili oogxa ezininzi, nazo zithathelwa uthinjiwe. Iqela elikhulu iinjengele German eyayikhokelwa Paulus wenza inkcazelo ebhaliweyo apho Bamgweba ebezama kwaye ibhengeze abangcatshi ukuba izilangazelelo eJamani.

Noko ke, kungekudala kakhulu enxulumene nokutshintshwa iinjengele kwicala yomkhosi anti-zwilakhe itshintshiwe, kunye nendima ebalulekileyo kule wadlala ngokwayo Paulus. Kwi umyalelo lobuqu Stalin, watshintshelwa kwi inkampu amabanjwa emfazwe ukuya kwenye izinto ezikhethekileyo ─ dacha NKVD ngaphandle eMoscow Dubrovo.

Apho, Ngenxa unyango ngokwasengqondweni, Jikelele-Marshal ngokupheleleyo watshintsha isikhundla sakhe yangaphambili yaye kungekudala wathi ekuhleni ajoyine mdibaniso anti-zwilakhe. Kucingwa ukuze sikuzuze ukwenziwa sigqibo ubukhulu becala negalelo utshintsho olukhulu ebudeni ngamajoni, kwakunye "Liyelenqe iinjengele" ngo-1944 phantse buxabise ubomi uMlawuli.

Qala yenkqubo kuhlelwa

Ukugrunjwa yamabanjwa German emfazwe (abuyele kwilizwe lawo) lwaqhutywa ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Eyokuqala kwezi yaphehlelelwa emva Agasti 1945 wakhupha ummiselo USSR Committee yoKhuselo State, njengoko apho ilungelo ukubuyela eJamani wafumana amawaka 708. Abantu abakhubazekileyo kunye namajoni bakhubazeke zonke iintlanga phakathi zangasese kunye namagosa non-ethunywe.

Kwinyanga kamva, ukuba ngqo, ngoSeptemba 11 nyaka, uxwebhu olutsha eza kwandisa ngokubonakalayo uluhlu lwabantu ezweni labo. Ukongeza kwezi ndidi zikhankanywe ngaphambili, wawuquka amajoni kunye nezikhundla esezantsi zonke iintlanga, ngaphandle amaJamani, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yabo nokukwazi ukusebenza. Ibithunyelwe ekhaya ngoJanuwari 1946. Ngaphandle kuphela abo batyholwa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho imfazwe kakhulu. It lalisiba kuphawulwe ukuba kuhlelwa abawuthobeli umntu abalungiselelayo Waffen-SS, SA, SD kunye namagosa amaGestapo.

Ngoko ke, kule minyaka yokuqala emva kwemfazwe, ubuninzi amabanjwa emfazwe, abo baqhubeka umbhobho kwi ukubuyiselwa uqoqosho yatshabalala lizwe, kwa- baseJamani. Ngokwe ngxelo le Ministry of Internal Affairs ye-USSR ngo-Oktobha 1946, kwiinkampu kunye ithathele zabasebenzi spetsgospitalyah kwakukho phantse yaba sisigidi nesiqingatha sabantu, kuquka iinjengele 352 amawaka 74.5. Officers. Ngoko ignominiously uzigqibe fascists notorious wakhe Drang NACH Osten ( «Drang NACH Osten").

indlela ekhaya Long

Kwixesha elizayo, inani amabanjwa German emfazwe eSoviet Union lehla, kodwa kancinci. NgoMeyi 1947, ngokusekelwe ngesigqibo USSR iBhunga labaPhathiswa, Germany wathumela malunga ne-100 lamawaka amabanjwa. Engasebenzi phakathi kwamaJamani, ungamkhonzanga kwi-SS, SD, SA kunye amaGestapo, yaye akazange athathe inxaxheba empini. Repatriation ngokuxhomekeke amajoni kunye namagosa ongabanga irenki ngentla ukapteni.

NgoJuni waloo nyaka, iinkokheli intshukumo NKVD kuthwalelwa phandle, kukuzalela uhlobo ze kubi. Ngokutsho myalelo, esayinwe noStalin ngokobuqu, ikhaya amawaka amabanjwa German zonke ezintlwini sele ithunyelwe, ukuba baveze imo yazo anti-zwilakhe kwaye phakathi abenzi phambili. Malunga lo uthumela kakuhle kwaziswa onke amabanjwa eseleyo, nengxelo ibeka ugxininiso olukhethekileyo ekuphumezeni abavela zabasebenzi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente ngokuphathelele kwimbambano kuhlelwa

Ekupheleni kuka-1947 inani amabanjwa ukuba kuthunyelwa ekhaya, liye landa, kodwa kwangaxeshanye esicaciswe ngokucacileyo umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente waseSoviet kwi kwilizwe. Okokuqala, le nkqubo waya kancinane, nelokwamkela kuphela iqela elincinane ngokwentelekiso kwiindidi ezithile zabantu. Ukongeza, ikhaya ikakhulu ithunyelwe kwabo, ngokoluvo amagunya Soviet, yaba enokuba nempembelelo kuphuhliso ngakumbi imeko yezopolitiko kokubini eJamani kumazwe abalwe kwimfazwe ngecala ubuncinane.

Kule nkalo, okokuqala zonke kuthunyelwa izigulane owathi, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, ababebuye ekufudusweni, iya inxaxheba ekubuyiselweni zempilo, ezopolitiko. Akungekhe kubekho amathandabuzo yokuba amajoni eziqhelekileyo, NCOs kunye namagosa, nokuba bazama ukuthatha inxaxheba kubomi yezopolitiko eli lizwe, wenza inkqubela ngaphantsi kakhulu iinjengele abuya ekuthinjweni. Ingakumbi ukuhamba lamanene landa emva nokusekwa inxalenye Mpuma karhulumente Jamani pro-eSoviet.

Kamva, yonke inkululeko ngamajoni ezifunyenweyo bangaphambili, amagosa junior ukuya kutsho yaye kubandakanywa, baba zikwimeko entle emzimbeni ziyibonile enokusetyenziswa njengendawo zabasebenzi. Ukongeza, abathinjwa yayiqhubeka lwamagosa eziphezulu, iinjengele kunye abaphathi, amagosa SS, SD, amaGestapo, kwakunye onke amabanjwa emfazwe kunye mthetho.

Ukugqitywa kuhlelwa amabanjwa emfazwe

Ekupheleni kuka-1949 ekuthinjweni eSoviet nangoku bamba kuba ngaphezu kwe-430 lamawaka. Majoni amaJamani, echasene ukuzibophelela eyenziwa ngabameli USSR ngo-1947 kwintlanganiso leMicimbi yangaPhandle Balungiseleli anti-uHitler womanyano. Ngokutsho uxwebhu esayiniweyo kubo, kuhlelwa amabanjwa emfazwe yayiza kugqitywa Disemba 1948.

Njengoko ezingqubana ngokucacileyo isivumelwano yamkelwe bamqumbisa iinkokheli ithi Western kwaye kwanyanzeleka Stalin ukukhawulezisa uthumelo amabanjwa. Oku ekugqibeleni ngcembe babuyela eJamani kuphela ngabameli amagosa eziphezulu, kodwa ke iinjengele kunye abaphathi. Ngaphandle baba baye bafa 99 kuphela kubo izifo 18 lokusila-mthetho imfazwe.

Ngokubanzi, kuhlelwa lwagqitywa ngo May 1950. Xa esemthethweni TASS, weva ngoMeyi 5 wathi eJamani zonke amajoni abo babesakuba babesilwela ecaleni Wesithathu abo babethunyiwe, ngaphandle 9716 amabanjwa, 3816 abarhanelwa, 15 izigulane nezibi.