Amandla eSoviet. Ukusekwa kwamandla Soviet

Emva kokuphela -Oktobha Revolution, urhulumente yokuqala yiSoviet esekwe kwiindawo ezininzi zeli lizwe. Kwathi ngexesha elifutshane - ngoMatshi 1918 ezininzi kwizixeko ezinkulu zephondo kunye namanye ekusekweni amandla eSoviet kudlule ngoxolo. Eli nqaku liza kujonga njani oku kwenzeke.

Ukusekwa kwamandla Soviet

Uloyiso yokuqala imikhosi revolution elikhuselweyo kwindawo Central. umkhosi Active kwi ndibano ngaphambili ezichongiweyo izenzakalo ezilandelayo. Kulapha ukuba urhulumente waseSoviet baqalisa ukusebenzisa ngokwayo. 1917 kwaba kakhulu wamagazi. Xa inkxaso kwe revolution Petrograd, kwimimandla yeBaltic kunye indima engundoqo edlalwa kwiBaltic Fleet. NgoNovemba 1917 oomatiloshe Sea Black ukoyisa kweelana i Mensheviks kunye SRs, yaye yamkela isigqibo ngawo ingqalelo Commissars Labantu, elikhokelwa V. I. Leninym. Kulo mzekelo, eMpuma Ekude, North yelizwe urhulumente waseSoviet akazange afumane inkxaso eninzi. Oku kuye kwabangela ukungenelela koko phezulu kwezi nkalo.

Cossacks

Kwakufuneka Kwanele uxhathiso. On the Don wabumba undoqo yomkhosi amavolontiya kunye wadala iziko emhlophe. Le yokugqibela yayihanjelwe iinkokheli kabini kunye Octobrists Milyukov, Struve angamatshantliziyo namasoshiyali revolution Savinkov. Bona iphuhlise inkqubo yezopolitiko. Bona ayexhasa-hluleki Russia, iNdibano neqela, kwakunye wenkululeko yeli lizwe ukusuka yamaBolshevik nguzwilakhe. "Intshukumo White" ngexesha elifutshane wafumana inkxaso abameli bozakuzo isiFrentshi, British kunye American, kwakunye iPalamente Ukrainian. ekhubekisayo mkhosi NjengeVolontiya yaqala ngoJanuwari 1918. White Guards wenza ngokwemiyalelo Kornilov, leyo wawukwalela ukuthatha amabanjwa. "White Terror" waqalisa lo.

Uloyiso Olubomvu Guards kwi Don

Kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala ngoJanuwari 1918 kwi Cossack kwinkongolo ye abaphambili abasebenza nabaxhasi elalisakuba yiSoviet Obumbe Military Committee Revolutionary. Intloko yakhe waba F. G. Podtelkov. Emva kwakhe ehamba inkoliso Cossacks. Ngelo xesha linye ngezigaba Don Red Guard babethunyiwe, kwangoko baya phezu avanyisa. imikhosi White Cossack kwafuneka baleka Salsk emathafeni. umkhosi Zenze kwakhona safudukela Kuban. Don Soviet Republic yamiselwa ngoMatshi 23.

i Orenburg Cossacks

Kuye elikhokelwa Ataman Dutov. Ekuqaleni November, ibhunga Orenburg yena imipu wathi vivo. Emva koko Dutov kunye Kazakh kunye Bashkir isizwe umngcelele Verhneuralsk kunye eChelyabinsk. Ukususela ngoko baphazamise uqhagamshelwano phakathi eMoscow Petrograd kunye Central Asia noMzantsi eSiberia. Ngokutsho isigqibo urhulumente waseSoviet nxamnye Dutova ibithunyelwe ngezigaba iRed Guards of the Urals, Ufa, Samara, Petrograd. Baye exhaswa liqela Kazakh, Tatar kunye Bashkir abahlwempuzekileyo. Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1918 Dutova umkhosi woyiswa.

Ngxabano ezindaweni kazwelonke

Kule mimandla, urhulumente waseSoviet usokoliswa hayi kuphela Provisional Government. Imikhosi yolawulo revolution babezama yokutshayela bokuxhathisa kwaye nemikhosi SR-Menshevik kunye noohlohlesakhe ubuzwe. Ngo-Oktobha-Novemba 1917, urhulumente waseSoviet iphumelele e-Estonia, kwiindawo zingabi namhlali of Belarus kunye Latvia. Kwathiwa zicinezelwa ukuxhathisa Baku. Apha elalisakuba yiSoviet waze Agasti 1918. Ezinye Transcaucasia waba phantsi kwempembelelo la. Umzekelo, eGeorgia, amandla yaba ezandleni Mensheviks, eArmenia kunye Azerbaijan - Musavat kunye Dashnaks (amaqela encinane-yoohlohlesakhe). NgoMeyi 1918, amazwe yoohlohlesakhe-Democratic Republic kwasekwa.

Eziye zenzeka Ukraine. Ngenxa yoko, eKharkov ngoDisemba 1917, Ukrainian Soviet Republic enziwe. Le imikhosi revolution laphumelela abhukuqe le Central rada. Yena, ke, babhengeza lokusekwa Abantu yalilizwe elizimeleyo. Ukushiya Kiev, iPalamente use Zhytomyr. Apho yena phantsi kokhuselo imikhosi yaseJamani. NgoMatshi 1918, elasekwa urhulumente waseSoviet ngokwayo e Central Asia kunye eCrimea, ukongeza kwi Emirate of eBukhara kunye Khiva Khanate.

Umzabalazo yezopolitiko kwimimandla engundoqo

Nangona nenyaniso yokuba kule minyaka yokuqala kwamandla eSoviet kunye nomkhosi lwamavolontiya abavukeli babesoyiswa kwimimandla emikhulu kweli lizwe, xa embindini zokutshutshisa usaqhubeka. Kuvuthondaba yomzabalazo yepolitiki kokubizwa i-Congress yesiThathu kunye Assembly neqela. Kuye kwasekwa urhulumente yethutyana le qumrhu. Obekumele ukuba isebenze de kwiNdibano neqela. Naye izihlwele bathi lokusekwa kwenkqubo entsha kweli lizwe phezu kwesiseko solawulo lwentando yesininzi. Ngelo xesha, akukho mntu uthemba ukufumana i Assembly neqela ze iqhotyoshelwe abachasi amandla Soviet. I iiBolsheviks, oko kuluncedo, ekubeni isivumelwano sabo wayeza kutshabalalisa ngabavukeli isiseko kwezopolitiko.

Xa Romanov ukuba asiyeke, uhlobo karhulumente kweli lizwe kufuneka akwazi ukumisela i-kwiNdibano neqela. Noko ke, urhulumente wethutyana elinye ixesha intlanganiso yayo. Lizama ukufumana kwindibano replacement, ukudala ledemokhrasi kunye nokuhlangabezana Pre-ePalamente. Konke oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kabini ukuze ufumane isininzi. Abalweli kunye Mensheviks, elingumthombo, ukwanelisa imo yawo Provisional kaRhulumente. Noko ke, emva kokuba Revolution, nabo baqalisa ukufuna kokubizwa yeNdibano neqela kwi ithemba ukumbamba amandla.

ukhetho

magama zabo zasekwa ngoNovemba 12, i-Provisional Government. yokubiza umhla Intlanganiso iye kumiselwa ukususela ngoJanuwari 5, 1918. Ngexesha urhulumente waseSoviet yaba amaqela-2 - Left SRs kunye iiBolsheviks. Okokuqala kuvelile liqumrhu elizimeleyo le-Congress lokuQala. Ukuvota senzeka izintlu zamaqela. yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kakhulu anyulwe ngokwentando yonke yeNdibano neqela labantu. Izintlu ezo zinto zabuya phambi ekuqaleni revolution. Njengenxenye yoWiso neqela baba:

• SRs (52.5%) - izihlalo ezingama-370.
• KwiBolsheviks (24.5%) - 175.
• Ekhohlo SRs (5.7%) - 40.
• Kabini - izihlalo 17.
• Mensheviks (2.1%) - 15.
• Enes (0.3%) - 2.
• Abameli abavela kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo zikazwelonke - izihlalo 86.

I Left SRs, walibumba ngexesha lonyulo, iqela elitsha ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo nkqu kuhlu olulodwa, ebesiqulunqwe phambi revolution. Bona Right SRs kwakukho iqela elikhulu abameli balo. Ukusuka kwezi manani kucacile ukuba labemi beli lizwe sikhetha iiBolsheviks, i Mensheviks kunye SRs - nemibutho yobusoshiyali, inani labameli ezikwiNdibano usemthethweni leyo ngaphezu kwama-86%. Ngenxa yoko, abemi eRashiya kakhulu emiselwe ngokucacileyo ekukhetheni indlela ngakumbi. Nale waqalisa intetho yakhe emva kokuvulwa neqela yeNdibano Chernov - inkokeli Socialist-mbuso. Uvavanyo lo mzobo ubonisa kakhulu ngokucacileyo inyaniso yembali, bemkhanyela amazwi ezinye mbali ukuba abantu bazitshitshisela indlela yali.

session

Xa iNdibano neqela kwakuza kufuneka zamkelwe okanye indlela anyuliweyo zophuhliso kwi-Congress Okwesibini, Ndiwise umthetho kumhlaba kwaye ehlabathini, imisebenzi yamandla yiSoviet, okanye iinzame ukubuyisela nongeniselo lwawo. aphikisanayo, leyo ngesininzi ebandleni, bala ukulalanisa. Kwintlanganiso ngoJanuwari 5, walahlwa ucwangciso yamaBolshevik, iBhunga wentsebenzo karhulumente singavunywanga. Kuloo meko, kwakukho usongo a ukubuyela SR-yongxowankulu umbuso. Ukuphendula, thunyiwe kwiBolsheviks, yaye emva kwayo, kunye Left Socialist njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo ushiye intlanganiso. Ezinye amalungu alo bahlala de ezintlanu kusasa. Iholo kuyo kwakukho iindwendwe eziyi-160 ukusuka 705 5 kusasa lo matiloshe-anarchist Zheleznyakov - ukhuseleko Head - weza Chernov waza wathi: "Unogada uyadinwa!". Eli binzana waba imbali. Chernov wabhengeza ukuba intlanganiso elinye ukuya kusuku olulandelayo. Noko ke, ngoJanuwari 6, i-Central iKomiti eLawulayo wakhupha umyalelo ukuze ayichithe iNdlu yeNdibano neqela. Imeko ayikwazanga ukutshintsha kunye nemiboniso, leyo sihlelwe Socialist-mbuso kunye Mensheviks. Kwakukho eMoscow Petrograd, yaye akukho iingxwelerha. Ezi ziganeko kwaphawula sisiqalo kuqhekeka amaqela yali kwiinkampu ezimbini alwayo.

Ukuzaliswa ngxabano

Isigqibo sokugqibela malunga iNdibano neqela kunye nekamva lwesakhiwo karhulumente kweli lizwe eyaye yamkelwa Congress yesiThathu. Januwari 10 ebizwe intlanganiso Amajoni 'Workers. 13, wancediswa abameli All-Russian Congress of Abalimi. Ukususela ngoko siye saqalisa uphawu ngexesha leSoviet.

Ekuphetheni

Le nkongolo ezivunyiweyo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngaphandle, abasemagunyeni eSoviet - i-Central Executive Committee kunye CPC, kokupheliswa yeNdibano. Kwakhona kule ntlanganiso zaye zavunywa izenzo siseko ukuba lwenza ulawulo lweSoviet. Phakathi ebalulekileyo kuzo - kwiSibhengezo "Kwi amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nabantu baxhatshazwe", "Ngomhla amaziko yase kwiriphabliki", kwakunye uMthetho ngokwasentlaweni belizwe. Urhulumente wethutyana abasebenzi kunye nabalimi labizwa ngokuba yaBantu Commissars. Ngaphambi koko, i-Declaration on the Rights abantu Russian. Ukongeza, i-CPC waya amaSilamsi kweyi eMpuma eRashiya. Nabo ke, wavakalisa amalungelo nenkululeko abemi, watsala abasebenzi bezizwe ezahlukeneyo unobangela oqhelekileyo imvume socialism. Ngowe-1921, oko waqala iingqekembe zetyeleba wolawulo eSoviet.