Panama Canal: unyaka kuvulwa ngokusesikweni iziko kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwimbali

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, abantu baye bazama ngokutsha iimeko zendalo komhlaba ukuze afumane naziphi na izibonelelo. Elinye ityala ke ngokutsha i Panama Canal, unyaka kuvulwa ngokusesikweni ziko yabalasela isiganeko nempembelelo uphuhliso yonke yeNavigeyishini kule nxalenye yehlabathi, phezu kwazo izinto ezimbi yokwakha.

Panama umsele

Oku amanzi esidalwe ngumntu ibekwe kuMbindi Merika. Isiteshi lisebenza njengoko Atlantic Ocean imida ezimbaxa kunye zeCaribbean. Ubude zirhuqwe kwinqanaba olunzulu amanzi - malunga 82 km kunye ububanzi 150 m, ngoxa inqanawa ehamba indlela kwesango amathathu, uze iwele ichibi lokwenziwa ka Gatun. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba zigaba eziliqela kunye Miraflores (itanki yamanzi zendalo) ibekwe kwi bay kumatshini. Yonke le ndlela kwaye iPanama Canal, unyaka kuvulwa ngokusesikweni apho - nye lamawaka asithoba, anamanci mabini.

Ukwakhiwa kwale ndawo obaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwamazwe kuMbindi Merika, kwakunye ubungaka- navigation. Isiteshi uvumela sicatshulwa yeenqanawa ezinkulu ezinjengezo iinqanawa isikhongozeli zidlula apho, ngoxa leyo inokonga ngaphezulu kwama-10 000 km zendlela. Kuba umsebenzi kweentambo olwenziwe yi inkonzo ekhethekileyo, ixesha elichithwa yonke ceke, umlinganiselo malunga 9 iiyure.

isakhiwo esikhulu

IPanama Canal, ukuvulwa ngokusesikweni kunyaka leyo ophawulwe ukuphunyezwa iingcamango iingqondo ezininzi kwinkulungwane ye-19, waqalisa imbali yayo ekupheleni kuka-1882, xa waqala ukwakha. Wema kwi intloko injineli enkulu French - Ferdinant Bala de Lesseps, lowo ngelo amava mzuzu ngokubekwa ngempumelelo ye Suez Canal.

Company wamanzi tab kuxoxwa kwi-International Congress ngowe-1879 eFransi, yaye emva koko wafumana umnyinyiva evela kurhulumente Colombian iminyaka 99. Lo msebenzi kwenzeka ngokusekelwe mboleko ababhalisele, kunye ixabiso yesabelo omnye franc 500.

Njengokuba mbali ziye zaphawula, Count UFerdinand de Lesseps yaba esikhulu ngobuchule kunye neciko, kodwa indalo yakhe yakutshanje - kwiPanama Canal (unyaka kuvulwa ngokusesikweni ngasentla) - kubekho isiphumo elibuhlungu kuye, mhlawumbi ngenxa underestimation yeendleko zokuqala zale projekthi. Ukutsala inani elikhulu abatyali-mali, injineli thaca amanani kuncitshiswa phantse kabini ukuba, Kakade ke, waba nefuthe impumelelo yomsebenzi promotion.

"Panama ukuqola"

Ephefumlelwe emva kokuqala kokwakhiwa yesuphavayiza projekthi kwakufuneka aye ngokusebenzisa ezininzi mathuba ezingemnandi. Imali kubalulekile akwanelanga, ekubeni-mboleko yokuqala yaye akazange athabathe kwisithathu mali ekucwangciselwa yena. Abasebenzi zazingekho kakuhle off, ukongeza, ucoceko olungagqibelelanga kunye kudlalwa ngaphandle ngobhubhani seengcongconi, esifo nokuxaxaza igazi Balisusa abantu. Ithemba ungenamandla, yaye ukuba nabani na ukuba bambuza umbuzo: "Yintoni nyaka kuvulo ngokusesikweni i-Panama Canal?" - Ngokuqinisekileyo wenjineli akanako ukunika impendulo.

Lesseps usapho bazama ukulungisa le meko, kwaye iprojekthi iye yatshintshwa kwi ukunyanzelisa kwe injineli F. Byuno-Baril, lowo wanikela ukusetyenziswa kuphuma. Kwakhona umakhi A. odumileyo Eifel kwathiwa, kodwa emva kweminyaka 8, kuphela-fifths ezimbini imisebenzi zaveliswa. Ukuze uqhubeke le projekthi zaye zakhutshwa mboleko, ezo nto kufuneka imvume evela kwabasemagunyeni, kodwa urhulumente Theodore Roosevelt kunye Chamber of yamaSekela akazange akuvumele le ntengiselwano.

Emva koko, ngo-1892, kwihlazo isikali yehlabathi, kunye neenkokeli kokwakhiwa zirhuqwe afunyaniswe enetyala. Bala UFerdinand de Lesseps wakhululwa ukuba angene ngenxa yokwaluphala, kunye nonyana wakhe - Lesseps omncinane, umphathiswa wolawulo ngakumbi A. Eifel bavalelwa ezahlukeneyo.

Unyaka kuvulo ngokusesikweni i-Panama Canal ibe ungenatyala igama Lesseps, igama lakhe liye makukhutshwe ibala ubuqhophololo. Ixesha liye kubonakele ukuba lo mntu ezinkulu iinjongo kunye nemigaqo zokungazingci.