I zemali inkqubo Russian Federation - a ... mali RF. inkqubo Modern-mali Russian Federation

Ukususela karhulumente yenkqubo mali kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wobomi lizwe. Xa Uqoqosho yenye yeendawo ezibalulekileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kufuneka ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha ingqikelelo-mali ka-Russia, baqonde ukubaluleka kwale nkqubo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba lokuhlolisisa nzulu amanyathelo kunye neendlela eyinqobo yayo imisebenzi.

Overview

Okwangoku, inkqubo yemali Russian Federation - yinto into zisasebenza yempikiswano mpikiswano. Kukho imiba emininzi owayephila apho kufuneka asebenzisane. Umzekelo, unganelanga ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ngamnye, i ngezikhondo zentlalo enkulu, uphuhliso omkhulu lweziqalelo kwezoqoqosho, ifuthe elibi kwinkqubo lokuzala, ukuqhwalela olubonakalayo sivumelane utshintsho kwiimarike yorhwebo mali lwangaphandle kunye ngonyawo lonwabu zophuhliso. Inkqubo yemali Russian Federation - lo ubudlelwane zoqoqosho, neyohlulwe omnye nomnye qho ethile. A umbutho efanayo kuchaphazela phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bomntu mihla. Ezi ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu, amaqela eziliqela zomthetho, kwakunye ithi ezahlukeneyo kuvela. Ngenxa yoko, omnye amanqwanqwa intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho zezi zilandelayo: imali, izimali kunye namakhaya. Ngamafutshane - yabemi komkhulu.

ulwazi olunzulu

Ingcamango inkqubo yezimali Russian kubonwa iseti yonxulumano kwezoqoqosho. isakhiwo sayo eyedwa amacandelo ngamnye kunye link. Kulo naliphi na inqanaba yokulawula iimali izinto yemveliso zentlalo, ngaphandle apho ubukho kunye nokusebenza le nkqubo nje ukuba kwenzeke. Kwakhona akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kubo:

1) Ukuqaliswa kwangethuba inkqubela amatsha kwisayensi nakwithekhinoloji;

2) nokugcina mali yemveliso yesekethe eyandisiweyo (ezikarhulumente nezabucala);

3) ulawulo izakhiwo sobummandla kunye noShishino yoqoqosho;

4) ukwanelisa ezinye iimfuno zoluntu.

neentlobo ezithile iimfuno kwi kurhulumente kunye namashishini. Oku kuchaza ukuvela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nobudlelwane, equka inkqubo zemali eRashiya. Ngoku, ezinye iingcali osentsimini abaqonda impefumlelwano ubudlelwane lwezoqoqosho abantu amabini '. Noko ke, kukho iintlobo leempapasho, nto leyo ichaza ukuba umbutho yenkqubo yemali. Uncwadi ezinikelwe usapho kunye nezicwangciso ezisetyenziswa-inzuzo zobuqu, ii-asethi endlu.

Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo izinto

Inkqubo yemali ka-Russia yenziwa imizimba emininzi amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye namaziko. Eyona njongo ephambili yale kuqoqosho ukuhlangabezana ntlobo iimfuno zentlalo. Intsebenziswano wezeMali layigubungela inkqubo lonke eli lizwe kunye nehlabathi msebenzi lwentlalo. Jikelele la kungenxa kubukho kumaziko ezizodwa ngaphakathi kubume zezimali. Ngokusekelwe kungentla, kukho izinto ezininzi kuqoqosho Russian. Inkqubo yemali yeli lizwe ngu:

1. wokuhlangana kumaziko ahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo inxaxheba ukusekwa nokusetyenziswa elandelayo kwemali yayo yemali ahambelanayo.

2. Le uluntu arhente ezikhethekileyo kunye namaqumrhu eziqulathe imisebenzi zemali elinobuchule kuyo.

Uqoqosho lithatyathwe impefumlelwano kumaziko ahlukeneyo ukuba inoxanduva lokulawula indalo, komhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali. Iimpawu yophuhliso yelizwe ngethuba lenguqu ukuya kwiimeko zorhwebo kuchaphazela ngamandla le nkqubo yezemali. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo kwezoqoqosho eRashiya iquka imali eziinkozo zilandelayo kunye namaziko zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda kubo,

1. Inkqubo mali ye eli lizwe. Oku kuquka mali karhulumente wengingqi, amaqumrhu yase kanye i-Federal ngqo.

2. Le market stock.

3. credit State.

4. Imali Extra-mali kweli lizwe.

5. Amaziko Finance.

6. Iimali-inshorensi.

Jikelele iimali zoburhulumente. Ingcinga, isakhiwo kunye nenjongo

Isiseko imali esizwe lwabiwo ezahlukeneyo kumanqanaba afanelekileyo. Eli qela lukwaquka ingqiqo ezifana abolekisa zoluntu nezentlalo off-lwabiwo mali kweli lizwe. Ukuzivumelanisa iintlobo yentengiselwano ubudlelwane lonikezelo lwezoqoqosho kuzwelonke indima ephambili bobabo olu hlobo yezimali. nokudaleka kunye nokwabiwa enye. Le elementi nkqubo ekhoyo oorhulumente basekhaya kunye norhulumente. Kwinqanaba micro ekusombululeni imicimbi yezoqoqosho ukukhawulelana iziqalelo iinkampani zemali, i-inshorensi kunye ngetyala kunye necandelo leebhanki. Noko ke, asinakukwazi icinga ukuba amakhonkco zoqoqosho zinxulunyaniswa kuphela kwinqanaba lwamaqumrhu kwezoqoqosho ingqiqo yazo ebanzi. Oku kungenxa ubukho indibaniselwano ngci phakathi zonke iindawo zecandelo le nkqubo yezemali. State enza ukuyilwa kwezibonelelo esembindini kwaye amagunya ngokusebenzisa kuqoqosho. Ukuze kwenziwe le misebenzi, imimiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nemithetho efanelekileyo. Nezixhobo zibe iindlela kwamaxabiso, ngokwenkqubo yesikweliti, iirhafu kunye nangaphezulu. ezemali kazwelonke Russian zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kunye lonke uqoqosho. Noko ke, kukho into ethile ambiguity langoku. GDP ngowona mthombo uphambili wemvula lungeniselo mali kuwo onke amanqanaba. It senziwa isigaba kwemveliso eziphathekayo. Emva koko, irhafu kudala loo mali Russian kunye mali zentlalo. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo yokuzala eyandisiweyo ikhutshwa phandle ngamashishini, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa akhawunti zabo. Basebenzisa credit karhulumente okanye imali ngqo kwi-mali.

Indima imali waphakamisa

eyakho imali amashishini zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kunye nenkqubo ngetyala. Kwimeko yokusilela kwiingxowa mali, ungasebenzisa iinkonzo yeebhanki. Amaninzi, ikomkhulu extra inxaxheba ekugqityweni zokusebenza. Kwakhona, ukucombulula iingxaki zabo zoqoqosho inkampani ukubhenela kwiindlela namanye amaqumrhu kwezoqoqosho. Ngokomzekelo, ezifana nemibutho, iibhanki, iinkampani ze-inshorensi ezahlukeneyo kunye nabanye. Izinto ezinjengezi zinako ukuba yenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze kwandiswe ubulungisa babuyelayo ukuba corporatisation. Kwelinye icala, umba eyilwayo kunye bond iminyaka mboleko. Ekugqibeleni, ulwalamano ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo kwenkqubo zemali ngenxa qumrhu lwabo sisebunyeni. Urhulumente idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso loluntu, zombini kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, xa ukulahlwa kwawo ibamba kakhulu imali. Athwala kuzo ngokusetyenziswa kwe-mali Russian, ngetyala loluntu, kunye nemali ezahlukeneyo. Asethi zamaziko zebhanki ezahlukeneyo kunye inshorensi akhiwa umtsalane capital free. mali kwimibutho ashishinayo abekwe zabo.

Iimpawu yenkqubo mali Russian. iimpawu

isimo ezoqoqosho kunye nemali lilawulwa sisixhobo esiphambili - isakhiwo sekhombuya. Kuzo zonke izigaba le uqwalaselo kugqitywa kwinqanaba likazwelonke umsebenzi ongundoqo: ukusekwa kunye nenkcitho-mali jikelele kwemali. Ukuma yonke ibandakanya iibhajethi yasekuhlaleni, yengingqi nokazwelonke. In jikelele yanamhlanje-asethi ishishini kwilizwe ngalinye zibe sisiseko lokhuseleko kwazo kwezoqoqosho. Ukususela ubungakanani kunye neepropati zixhomekeke:

- Iinkqubo zentlalo;

- nokugcinwa kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo wokhuselo lowo;

- ukuqinisekisa onke amanqanaba karhulumente;

- uphuhliso ephezulu-zobugcisa kunye namashishini qhinga;

- ukuxhasa uqoqosho kunye namaqumrhu alo ngaphakathi kurhulumente, kwakunye kakhulu ngakumbi.

Inkqubo yemali yeli lizwe libunjwa izinto ezininzi. Ezinye zazo zixhaswa ngaphakathi yamkela icebo iinkcitho kunye kwemali, abanye - akukho. Umzekelo, ukuba aphumeze iinkqubo ukuba uqhelaniso zentlalo okanye ezonyango, iimali extra-mali. Urhulumente, njengelungu le nkqubo kwimarike yangaphakathi, inokufana mali imali yomboleki kwezinye nxaxheba emarikeni. Nababolekisi kulo mzekelo iya kuba amaqumrhu asemthethweni kunye nabantu nokuba unayo ivideo asethi zazo imali. Imfuneko mboleko liyakhula ekubunjweni intsilelo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ukuboleka sisetyenziselwa ukumnika elifutshane elide mali kumacandelo athile kwezoqoqosho ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo kwezemali eli lizwe. Kwimeko apho urhulumente iye yakhetha ngokuboleka kwezinye imibutho okanye abantu, kukho ityala. Ngokutsho iimpawu zayo, yahlulelwe kwii iintlobo ezimbini: lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle (ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ye otyalwayo ngayo yobhaliso). Xa ifomu, ityala ekungenwe nguRhulumente, angamelwa njenge:

- credits;

- mboleko karhulumente, kwenziwa usebenzisa ukukhululelwa lentengiso izibambiso;

- namanye amatyala.

Ezenziwa emva kokuwa USSR

Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yezemali Russian Federation kaThixo etyetyisiweyo ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kwamanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho kazwelonke waphawula izalathi si zokunikwa ukukhula, kodwa lamashishini melene ixesha ngxi kunye ukunyuka okungephi. Inkqubo leebhanki emva kwentlekele 1998 ukubuyisela phantse ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza kulo nyaka. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqhubeka nophuhliso lwemimandla ezibolekisa, ngaloo ndlela kubonelelwa kwanempembelelo kwi imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha linye isabelo-mboleko ukuya kwicandelo labucala, uhlala ziyanda, nto leyo ebonisa ukuphucuka ntle abantu bakhe njengeqela. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo siye sanda sokubambisa, ukwanda iireyithingi ngamazwe yamatyala uzinzo kwezemali eRashiya. Nakuba kunjalo, inani ekutsaleni capital angaphandle kwinkqubo yezimali zeli lizwe, xa kuthelekiswa uqoqosho kumazwe (eJamani, USA, France), liphantsi kakhulu. Noko ke, ukukhula oluzinzileyo indices nezilinganiso kudala indawo evumayo-mali kumazwe angaphandle kunye zasekhaya. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye ibe Dynamics ezintle ukukhula izibonelelo zemali kunye ekwindla kwenzala kwimali-mboleko apho. Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukuvela la kufuneka luthathwe ukwanda kurhwebo lwangaphandle, intengiso izinto okungalungiswanga kwemali yamazwe angaphandle, kwakunye nomgaqo-nkqubo jikelele angaphandle karhulumente. cash Ubukho ngenxa yandisa kwesantya senzala kuba nempembelelo entle sithenge inkulu lizwe ukwandisa umsebenzi zemali kwavusa ukukhula koqoqosho. inkqubo Modern-mali ka-Russia emva uthotho utshintshwano baqalisa ukwenza umsebenzi wayo ophambili - ukuqinisekisa ukukhula koqoqosho.

Uhlaziyo kule ndawo

inkqubo yolawulo lwezimali eRashiya ixesha elide ukuba unenzondelelo utshintsho ebonakalayo. Ngo-2006, umthetho kukho iimpawu iinguqulelo. Wathinta kwindawo yokuqala, ukwakhiwa kunye nenkcitho-mali ye-Russian Federation. Kukho iiyunithi ezintsha zesakhiwo. Kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali ethile noomasipala ngabanye kunye zokuhlala ezidolophini akhiwa. Xa sikhokelo esemthethweni yezi projekthi elizayo unenzondelelo uhlaziyo enkulu. Enye imingcipheko engundoqo elijongene nayo inkqubo yezimali Russian Federation - na amatyala asemva kwi izibophelelo ngetyala le bhanki. Ixabiso ityala lilonke luya lusanda ngokwanda, nto leyo iba nefuthe elibi kumacandelo awohlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko, le zibhanki ukwandiswa izibophelelo credit kufuna ukungena rhoqo ngemali. Ngokutsho zezoqoqosho, umyinge wamatyala enjalo kuvuka kwi-10% ngesakhiwo ipotifoliyo mboleko iyonke eyayiza kuchaphazela kakubi kubume yonke kwezoqoqosho. Urhulumente Russian ukhangela iindlela zokusombulula le ngxaki. Kucetywa ukuba ukwandisa capitalisation yeebhanki ezinkulu ngeendleko ze kwiibhondi zikarhulumente. izinketho kwakhona kuqwalaselwa ukunyusa inxalenye inshorensi yedipozithi kunye nokurhoxiswa mvume lokuqhuba imisebenzi zemali bamaziko zemali "ayini".

Imvelaphi iingxaki ezaziphila

A Inani ngezoqoqosho basekhaya ezinkulu bakholelwa ukuba isizathu, ngenxa yokuswela amandla, nto leyo inkqubo yemali Russian Federation - kukungakwazi ukuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza neemeko ezitshintshayo ngokukhawuleza emarikeni, kwakunye ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwizinto ekrwada kunye nokungabikho ukhuphiswano kwezinye ziqwempu. Urhulumente, ngokuthi kuqaliswe kutshintsho amatsha kwezoqoqosho, ukuzama ukulungelelanisa imeko enzima kwinqanaba malini. Zenzeka kokufakwa kwemali eyinkunzi rhoqo kwi Reserve Fund, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, kwenziwa ngexesha le surplus mali (phambi 2008). Noko ke, iingcali ezininzi bayavuma ukuba imali yayo akukho mda yaye baya kuthatha iminyaka embalwa. Modern Russia Kukho into yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu ukuyilwa kobume kwazo kwezoqoqosho. izinto ezimbi ezininzi ezihamba esi senzo, umzekelo, namatyala kwi izibophelelo ngetyala, kunzima ukuba zihlolwe esweni imeko. Kwiimeko ezinjalo kunzima ngokwaneleyo ukuze alungiselele umsebenzi omnye weyona misebenzi iphambili urhwebo oluzinzileyo - nokunikezelwa zemali (resource) yhuu ngaphakathi kuyo.

isiphelo

Uqoqosho, ngokusekelwe apho inkqubo yemali ebhankini, abe nethuba elaneleyo usabele ngokukhawuleza naluphi na utshintsho. Ibhanki engundlunkulu ilungu lokugqibela eli sakhiwo ngetyala. Kulo mba, ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo-mali kwi-Russian Federation kulindeleke ukuba uqale kukhethwe kwicandelo logcino, apho ngokutsha esisiseko lokumpompoza maxwebhu uza kwenzeka. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ukuba isakhiwo isitali, kucinywe bonke abadlali ibuthathaka. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ngaxeshanye ukuphuhlisa kwiimarike zemali Russian Federation, leyo, ngaphandle kunaniselwano namazwe angaphandle, abhaliweyo ezelwe ekuqaleni. Kuphela kwezi meko yinto enokwenzeka ukudala isiseko esempilweni kwezoqoqosho. Kwaba phezu kwakhe kwixa elizayo umsebenzi engundoqo nokunikezelwa kwezibonelelo zemali ngaphakathi ilizwe aza kunikwa imisebenzi ngemisebenzi.