Igwele njenge hlobo? iindlela okuze andise

Kweli nqaku, siza kuqwalasela loo ezinomdla micro-eziphilayo ezifana nagwele. Njengoko banda? Kulo mbuzo kufuneka siphendule. Uza kufunda izinto sibumba nagwele.

Veliswa - ke lokwanda iiseli ezintsha, nto leyo efana umzali. Iziphumo nto, uninzi elilodwa olunye-kukwandisa ubukhulu labemi. Le nkqubo ezincinane ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba 'ulwalamano "kunye zabo zonke nxazonke inkcubeko nolwimi. Kufuneka ukudala imekobume, ezilawula isenzo enqanda ezithile.

Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba enzyme reducers - arhente enamandla ekunciphiseni ukuba azikhutshwa kwixesha eliphakathi xa kukhula kwenzeka isixa ukulibaziseka kweeseli engenagwele. Benza cell inwebu (ngokuba iibhondi iprotheyini disulfide). Ngenxa eliqokobe uba akubonakali kokufunyanwa sisondlo esiphakathi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba enzayim biosynthesis, kuquka constitutive.

iindlela okuze andise

Yiya ngqo nesihloko yethu. "Igwele zizalana yi imbewu okanye akunjalo?" - impendulo yalo mbuzo luyathandabuzeka. Isibakala sokuba iiseli ezi zinto ziphilayo, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko nenkcubeko, ikwazi ukuzandisa ngokwesondo ngokukha. Form lokugqibela sizimisele yelo iqela elithile eziphilayo esizimeleyo (ngamanye usapho) hlula, ngokuthi yavelisa amagqabi kunye amagqabi, ophela ulwahlulo. Okwangoku, wachaza iintlobo ezine andise kwezityalo of engenagwele.

Uhlobo lokuqala yokuzala kwezityalo

Wathi, umzekelo, i-Saccharomyces uhlobo (kwintsapho Saccharomycetaceae). Kulo mzekelo, izinto ezo iqokobhe siquka iiseli koomama azidluliselwa ngqo iiseli intombi iqokobhe omtsha. Kumanqanaba okuqala ekukhuleni bafumane oko ngenxa yokuba kubhaliwe kuhlanganiswa ngcembe oluhlala emazantsi nezintso ngokwayo. Ngoko ke amanxeba abo kwimimandla amagophe inkulu weseli ndizayo. Amaxesha amaninzi ezikufutshane enye kwenye, ukuba akhe uwele okanye isangqa.

Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ayikho uphawu zonke izinto ngoweqela of fungi kwiseli enye ebizwa ngokuba "igwele". Njengezinye iintlobo zazo zizalele? Siyaqhubeka ibali lethu.

Uhlobo lwesibini

Uhlobo elilandelayo zityalwe kwezityalo uyaqapheleka Igwele kwisizukulwana Hanseniaspora kunye Saccharo-mycodes (intsapho Saccharoinycoaaceae). osemqoka kwakhe - lolu polar, ngaloo ndlela kusenziwa amabala ezininzi. Kulo mzekelo, zezintso (yintoni Akwandise igwele) amiliswe ngenxa lunamaqoqo kukuqulungana kwezintso, leyo bahlala kuyo lolu elidlulileyo, kunye nezinto phakathi iiseli kunawo.

Uhlobo lwesithathu

Uye waba usapho Igwele Schizosaccharomyceta-seae (umzekelo, sodidi Schizosaccharomyces). Uphawu le hlobo kukuba ukukhula inwebu cell biopolyaren. Le nkcazelo entsha iiseli kwakhiwa, lifakwa ngohlobo i izalelwe thunzi ukusuka kwiziko lweeseli eziphelweni zalo kwindawo sisahlula.

ukuzala kwezityalo: Uhlobo lwesine

Kuyinto uphawu Endomyces magnusii, iiseli zabo zezindlu. Kulo mzekelo, ngokwahlula utshintsho lobume lathi lonke iqokobhe layo. Ukuba kukho ezininzi iyantlukwano, iqokobhe ubunjwe amacwecwe eziliqela, nto leyo zicwangciswe ngokunxuseneyo kwaye kwagqitywa kwi kupensi omnye komnye.

mitosis

inxalenye ethile ye noshowo iimanyano isiqalo kwaye kukho icytoplasm wabe ukuba iiseli intombi umzali ngexesha micropropagation. Phambi ngalinye icandelo seli xa zofuzo ukuba wadlala enye ngexesha lonke ngexesha elifanayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukwabiwa efanayo phakathi igatha lwakwa- kunye iseli umzali. Kule hlobo ngokucandeka enyukliya, leyo kuthiwa mitosis elifana neli inani ngqongqo rhoqo zofuzo ezizukulwaneni iseli.

cell unina thomo

Siye safumanisa ukuba kwizintso - yinto phinda xa nagwele ngokukha. Xa siqwalasela le nkqubo ngexesha, ukuze kuqatshelwe ukuba intombi iseli malunga enye iyure abunjwe ngokupheleleyo kwiimeko elilelona lifanelekileyo. Kodwa lowo akabanga nako ukuphinda ngonaphakade inkqubo yavelisa amagqabi. iseli uMama ngexesha lokudla une umlinganiselo 25-30 lolu (amanxeba yesizwe). Yomali yale nkqubo - utshintsho kubume iseli eludongeni, nto leyo ehambisana ne loloyiko. Bathi kukhokelela ekuthotyweni kumphezulu wayo luncedo, leyo kunciphisa isiqulatho ukutya kunye protein, DNA, RNA iiseli kwaye ikhokelela ekugqibeleni ekufeni.

Ungakhetha enye indlela, ukuphawula umbuzo ezizalana ngayo nagwele. Iingxabano le nkqubo. Le ndlela kuthiwa ngesondo. Makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha.

indlela Sexual yokuzala

Igwele phindo leyo kwenzeka njengoko ngokwesondo okanye ngokukha kumela ukusuka lo mbono eninzi inzala. Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye zafunda indlela ezi Cya. Bafumanisa ukuba indlela ngokwesondo linxulunyaniswa ukuntshula imbewu, abakulo asci okanye iingxowa (zibizwa ngokuba ascospores) kwiiseli kwezityalo. Njengoko igwele lokuyivelisa yi sikuyo? Kodwa nantsi eyona nyaniso.

Le nkqubo ihamba kwisahlulo ngumongo ngokusebenzisa meiosis. Xa culturing igwele utshintsho elibukhali ukususela ngokupheleleyo ukuya kweziphakathi olusizana izondlo, phambi ukufuma ezaneleyo kunye nokwanda okukhulu kwezinto Reserve kwiseli kunye nokufikelela mpilo kwenzeka sporulation. Okubangelwa kulo ascospores abanganyangekiyo iimeko engentle yokusingqongileyo (omiswe, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu), kodwa uzinzile ngaphantsi thermally kwe imbewu bacteria. Ascospores kufa kubushushu omalunga 60 ° C, kanti imbewu iintsholongwane ukwazi ukumelana amaqondo obushushu aphezulu - amanzi eliphezulu abilayo.

Ascospores ukwenzeka idla ngenxa fusion 2 iiseli Igwele ngokwesondo kunye nokwahlula elandelayo nucleus ye ayaqhama. Iiplastiki ukusuka kwelinye ukuya ezine, maxa wambi ezisibhozo ascus mnye. Ukuba iimeko ukukhula kwezityalo zihamba kakuhle, imbewu isiqhuma kukhiwa inkcubeko medium, kwaye ke iiseli kwakhona zezintso.

Umjikelo wobomi igwele

Xa Igwele, umjikelo wobomi lu dityanisiwe alternating ibihlungu kwaye andise kwezityalo ezinobude ezahlukeneyo izigaba diploid kunye haploid. Igwele Saccharomyces, apho kukho gaplo- utshintsho diplofaz, yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini: gomotallichnye kunye heterothallic.

ezimelene heterothallic

Ngeentlobo Heterothallic uzinzile haploid kwaye kwisigaba diploid. Kulo mzekelo, iiseli diploid bayakwazi wande ngokukha ngokungenammiselo, uze uqhubeke phantsi kweemeko emibi sporulation. Ngenxa yoko, kwasekwa haploid ibihlungu asci, ngalinye lalo elinye kweentlobo-2-ukukhwela. ngaloo ndlela ithe yancola lwenziwa kuphela xa sidibana ascospores-2 okanye iiseli ukusuka Ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo haploid, leyo ebangela ukuba kusekwe elilodwa, kunye diplofaza ebuyiselweyo.

Gomotallichnye strains

Gomotallichnye amagciwane ukusuka heterothallic zahluke ukuba babe diplofaza izinzile. Uyazimela cela imbewu haploid kwakhiwa isakhiwo diploid. Ngamanye amazwi, xa siyinzala a ibihlungu elinye kwenzeka samodiploidizatsiya (ngxubevange iiseli haploid) ngenxa yokuba imbewu ke lidibane nangayiphi indibanisela okanye wancancisa iiseli koomama haploid ukusuka izilimo zalo.

Kwaye kukho gomotallichnyh iintlobo ukukhwela nagwele. AF Rusnak wafunda iintlobo nagwele SACCH. vini, asetyenziswa iwayini. Waphawula ubukho bezi iseti enkulu iintlanga. Emva kokuhlalutya kuyo, umphandi bagqiba ukuba uhlobo ikakhulu kwabo gomotallichna.

Noko ke, abanye igwele karhulumente haploid ixesha elide banako nokuzala ngokukha. Ngokomzekelo Chizosaccharomyces kunye Zygosaccharomyces. iiseli Haploid ukuba sporulation ukuhlangana, ekusekeni elilodwa diploid. Ngoko ngoncedo meiosis iluthe kwaye bangela imbewu ezine okanye ezisibhozo haploid. Bathi ihlume, yaye emva kwethutyana baqalise nande zikarhulumente haploid asexually.

linamanqaku amahle sporulation

Ukufunda Cya, ezifana igwele (njengoko ukusasaza), abaphengululi baye babona ukuba ukutya kunye nomsebenzi lulonke ezincinane kwathotha ngexesha sporulation. Le meko kuqinisekisa ubukho bezinto ezimbi zabo iimeko andise kwezityalo. Ngoko ke, sporulation, okuhlanganisa i inkqubo yolondolozo yeentlobo zezidalwa kunye nokuzalana, kufuneka luthathwe linyathelo kuphuhliso eziphilayo engenagwele.

Iziphumo zophononongo B. Pazoni

B. Pazoni wafunda bayanda ngayo nagwele. zaye ke wafumana iziphumo umdla kwi ukusebenza ngomhla kakuhle kunye nobomi umsebenzi kwezi Cya linyathelo yokuzalana ngokwesondo. Culture yewayini negwele, awalithabathayo zipaswe ngakumbi sporulation kunye ibihlungu ukuntshula inkqubo diploidization, Zizigqithile isantya yokubola lwenkcubeko Wort ukuba ezi zigaba hayi zigqithile. Xa lwenziwe phantsi kweemeko poluproizvodstvennyh, kwakukho ixesha ukuhla ibile ukusuka kwiintsuku 35 ukuya 21-31.

Ngoko ke, ngaba udibana ezinjalo umdla micro-eziphilayo ezifana nagwele. Njengoko nande, ngoku uyazi. Siyathemba ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba iimpawu iindlela ezimbini eziphambili. Amagwele zizalana yi imbewu kunye lolu. Nganye kwezi ndlela oluqhutywa kwiimeko ezithile, yaye ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo.