Abahloli Great kunye bakufumeneyo

Ixesha oovulindlela kwamazwe ezintsha baseYurophu baba ekupheleni elinesihlanu, kwinkulungwane yeshumi kunye elinesixhenxe. Abantu abaninzi abanawo kwaye ekucamngceni ngokwamaqela kumazwe amathathu: Portugal, Spain naseRashiya.

Yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwinkulungwane

Xa yee- emva kwenkulungwane elinesihlanu, lo matiloshe ezinkulu Portugal sele wafuna kunye nasentshonalanga, ndithabathela eKinerete ngasezantsi Afrika kude, ngowe-1492, Hristofor Kolumb mikhombe eBahamas, i Antilles Njengomncinane wabutyhila Melika, kwaye ngo-1497 nayo yaba ngokwezelizwe yezinto ezibaluleke: Vasco da Gama ndafumanisa ukuba indlela elwandle eIndiya, ezigudle kwilizwekazi le-Afrika. Kwaye ngo 1498, Columbus, Vespucci kunye Omeha baba ngoovulindlela yoMzantsi Merika, abazifundele iminyaka emihlanu, kwakunye Central America.

oomatiloshe ezinkulu Russian wahlola ikakhulu Arctic Ocean. Balityhutyha ke lonke enkulu kumntla Asia, wavula i Yamal Peninsula kunye Taimyr, Chukotka Peninsula, wabonisa ukuba America ayikho kokuqhubekayo Asia, evela Arctic ukuya Pacific Ocean ngokusebenzisa wethu Strait. Olu hambo wakhokelelwa wamazwe Russian omkhulu S. Dezhnev kunye F. Popov. Ukususela ngo 1735 Khariton kunye nguDmitry Laptev Seas waya eSiberia, enye yazo kamva wabizwa ngegama lazo. Amagama omkhulu ezinkulu ziqhele ezikhoyo kwimaphu, zenziwe.

UmDatshi W. Barents wahamba Novaya Zemlya kunye Spitsbergen. EliNgesi G. Hudson kunye noogxa bakhe bafumanisa eGreenland, Baffin Island, Labrador Peninsula, Hudson Bay. S. Shampilen engumFrentshi wavula Appalachians ezisemantla kunye North American ezintlanu Great Lakes. YaseSpain L. Torres watyelela New Guinea. Dutch Yanszon B. kunye A. Tasman alicanda Australia, Tasmania kunye New Zealand siqithi.

Okuthile Columbus

Umntu lubizwa wemka ngenxa inzala Hristofor Kolumb. Photo ngokwemvelo hayi yasungulwa okwangoku. Kodwa kwakukho eni. On kubo sibona indoda ujongo elumkileyo ebonakala ukude na adventurism. Bonke ubuntu kunye olupheleleyo nezidubedube ziyahlelwa Hristofora Kolumba ukuba ingacaci, ezingacacanga, unako ukubhala inoveli-ibonwe, yaye akukho ukubaginya bonke izenzakalo yobomi bakhe.

Ngokutsho komnye iinguqulelo ezininzi, yena wazalwa ngomhla kwisiqithi Corsica ngo-1451. Kule ndaba kude kube ngoku izazinzulu ubambene komsindo izixeko ezithandathu yokugqibela Italy kunye Spain afunge ukuba oku apho kuyo Columbus.

Ubomi bakhe bonke - ilivo. Enye into icacile - waphila e Lisbon, naphambi ukuba iqashiso wahamba ngeenqanawa lweMeditera. Ukusuka apho, evela ePortugal, waza waqalisa uhambo ezibalulekileyo Columbus, nto leyo eye Akukabonakali ke oomatiloshe mkhulu ehlabathini.

ECuba kunye nezinye siqithi

Ngowe-1492, yena wabeka unyawo kwisiqithi Cuba. Apho Columbus uye wafumana enye izizwe cultured ka-Latin America, ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo enkulu, vayavshy oqingqiweyo ezintle, ukukhulisa umqhaphu aqhelekileyo naseYurophu iitapile engaziwayo ngokupheleleyo necuba, neziye zithi ke ngoko yoyiswa lonke ihlabathi. Ukuza kuthi ga kule yokuzalwa siqithi Hristofora Kolumba - iholide kazwelonke.

A novulindlela band lemvula i-Atlantic, i eqala ukungena zeCaribbean, Umzantsi Melika wabutyhila zirhuqwe of Central, inflicted kwimephu Bahamas Archipelago, Njengomncinane kunye Greater Antilles, kwiziqithi zeCaribbean, kwisiqithi Trinidad, - ukuba Hristofor Kolumb. Photo ubonisa umntu omhle, ngokuzolileyo ijonga ukusuka lo mfanekiso, ngaphandle nakancinane nengxokozelo ebusweni.

Makhe baseYurophu nithi Intshona Melika ngaphambi indlela Columbus kokuba protoron Vikings Iceland ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye. KumaXesha Aphakathi ulwandle ukuya phesheya kolwandle kunye nexesha seshumi - an kwakunzima yaye yingozi. Yaye nayiphi na imeko, umhlaba kakhulu kwi kumazwekazi ezimbini American, leyo phambi Columbus abazange babone nabani na.

Abathunywa benkundla - kule omkhulu ezinkulu

UFerdinand Magellan wazalwa ngo-1480 kumantla ePortugal, kwaye xa ndandineminyaka elishumi ziinkedama. In search of sonka wahlala kwinkundla yakomkhulu - isithunywa. Yaye elwandle ekuphumeni kwayo okokuqala kwi dvadvat ezintlanu, nangona ulwandle baqubuda ukususela ebuntwaneni. Magellan akazange iphupho usanekwa omkhulu ezinkulu bakufumeneyo. Wakwazi ukuba bangene kwiqela F. de Almeida, ngubani kuqala bafudukela iinqanawa zakhe phantsi kweflegi ye Spain ukuya eMpuma.

Magellan waba umfundi wakhe kakhulu, ngokukhawuleza kakuhle oomatiloshe kwimisebenzi yonke. Ekhohlo e India, owayekhe wahlala eMozambique, ekugqibeleni waba yinduna. Ayikwazanga ukubuyela ekhaya.

Iminyaka emihlanu wabongoza umlawuli isiPhuthukezi zonke iingenelo abavela eMpuma, kodwa akazange aye kakuhle, yaye ngo-1517 Magellan wangena inkonzo uKumkani uCharles, wokuqala kwaye okwangoku i iSpanish, kodwa kwixesha elizayo - umlawuli uBukhosi baseRoma.

tour World

Ngowe-1493 lona nguPope inkunzi kwavula amazwe ezintsha ukuya ngasempuma - i-Portuguese, kwaye ukuya ngasentshona - Spanish. Magellan kwakhokelela uhambo ukuya ngasentshona ukuzisa ubungqina ukuba siqithi, apho kukho nobulawu, abe eSpeyin.

Kwaye luhambo eye injongo kangako kunye Mercantile, kanti ukhenketho yokuqala yehlabathi yehlabathi. Bahlala kude ngasemva kunye omkhulu emikhulu bakufumeneyo ezibizwa Magellan ngamaphupha abantwana. Olu hambo akazange maningabi sathabatha ngakumbi, ngakumbi ukuba umhlaba ngeenxa zonke, siye babecinga ngelo xesha, hayi zonke abahambi.

Magellan akazange ukuphatha ukuba bammise phambi ihlabathi ubungqina ngeenkolelo zabo, wathi wabulawa kule umkhankaso - kwiiPhilippines. Sekunjalo, wayeqinisekile efile yena tye. Uhlala weqela babuyela eSpeyin kuphela ngo-1522.

Cossack ataman

Semon Ivanovich Dezhnov - Arctic Mariner, Cossack Ataman, wamazwe kunye discoverer ngayo izinto ezininzi ngokwezelizwe, wazalwa kwintsapho Pomeranian, Pinega, ngo-1605. inkonzo Cossack waqala njengendlela yabucala Tobolsk, yaye emva koko watshintshelwa Yeniseisk, yaye kamva - in Yakutia. Naphi na apho kahle ilizwe elitsha, emlanjeni, ada awela East Siberian oLwandle emlonyeni okuzenzela Coche Indigirka ku Alazeya. Ukusuka apho nabahlobo bakhe ezintendelezweni zombini zokwexeshana bafudukela eMpuma.

In Kolyma Delta ekhasa umlambo nisekelwe kwidolophu Srednekolymsk. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva hambo waya empuma - ukuya wethu Strait, nto leyo malunga asibhozo leminyaka hayi wethu: Dezhnev waya elimxinwa kuqala. Kakhulu kwindawo esempuma yezwe - i-Cape, ogama emva Dezhnev discoverer. Ukongeza, i-siqithi, bay, usingasiqithi kunye lali ezibizwa emva kwakhe. Xa kumbindi wesixeko Veliky Ustyug kwingingqi Vologda lo ilitye lesikhumbuzo kuye. Ezithembekileyo wayeyindoda. Ngokunyaniseka nzima. Hardy. Strong. Walwa. Of amanxeba elinesithathu - nzima ezintathu. Kodwa amaxesha onke, yonke wafuna uxolo.

South wase

Ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe izinto iingongoma eziphambili uMhlaba baseYurophu wabona. Noko ke, kukho intsimi unexplored baba kakhulu. Intlola ngaphandle ummandla naloo mazwe ayesaya kulawula wengcibi okufunwa kakhulu. Ababhali-mbali Ngeningalifumananga indlela esiqhelekileyo Dutch Selyanin Abel Tasman waba nomatiloshe, kodwa ngohambo lwakhe ndizise ihlabathi ukufunyanwa olukhulu.

Aristotle ngaphambi kwexesha lethu wayeqinisekile ubukho kwilizwe ongaziwayo esemazantsi. "Terra Australis Incognita" ( "Terra Australis"), - azichaza amanqaku akhe. Apha I umhlaba baya kufuna wamazwe Tasman kwi wenqanawa "Zehaan". Xa ezinezinga akumazantsi nohlobo ezinzima. Umoya obandayo kunye ilanga phantse naphakade. South ntshona uthumela izaqhwithi enkulu. Amaza kangako azifane kufutshane mpumalanga, ngoko South ilizwe kwenye indawo ngaphandle apha. Kwaye Tasman, reflection, itshintshe wabeka ngaphambili. Ngaphambi kwaba ayaziwa epheleleyo.

ukukhetha ilungelo

Emva izifundo ukutshintsha uhlobo inceba oomatiloshe - washiya emva kwamafu, kwaye ilanga ngokukhawuleza ukufudumala inqanawa. Kungekudala wabonakala kunye nomhlaba. Kwathi ukuze Tasman lawela siqithi, nto leyo iza kuthiywa emva kwakhe, ndithi kuhle emazantsi yezwe. Australia ngokwayo, wamane aphoswe. Tasmania uye wahlolwa, alicanda. Ke isixeko uya kuvuka apha. Ke kaloku kwehla ngaloo mzuzu ukwenza akukho nto yimbi - imozulu mnandi, amawa udakumbile, indalo yasendle, abantu sobulali ningazisondezi.

Tasman waya phambili. Yena emangalisayo lucky kwi yokuvulwa ziqithi. Olulandelayo New Zealand. Nangona kunjalo, i-Maori balapho bamamkela Tasman, kwakunye nazo zonke bahambi elizayo, abanabuhlobo. Kunoko, baze babe nobudlova. Xa uzama isaveyi umhlaba omtsha izisebenzi eziliqela babulawa. Ngoko ke, Tasman washiya emsebenzini ukuze inzala, yaye "Zehaan" nangoko wemka ekhaya. Akazange afumane indlela emfutshane Chile. Kodwa ukungqina ukuba Australia ukho.