Kwisixeko samandulo eRussia yamandulo: amagama, imfundo kunye nophuhliso

Ngokuqhelekileyo imbali eMpuma Yurophu, apho kwakuhlala nokuxubana, ekuqaleni ukuhlola ekusekweni Kievan Rus. Ngokutsho ingcamango esemthethweni, oku urhulumente lokuqala kula mazwe, lowo ubesazeka kwihlabathi kunye naye ingqalelo nabalawuli ohloniphekileyo. Omnye emva komnye, kukho imizi yamandulo eRashiya yamandulo, yaye le nkqubo wayeka kuphela ayehlasela Mongols. Kunye ayehlasela aweza ingena zisabonakala, yaye urhulumente ngokwayo, phakathi inzala ezininzi abathetheli iyachithwa. Kodwa siza kuthetha zebhola, uya kukuxelela into le izixeko zamandulo eRashiya.

A kancinci lizwe

Igama elithi "Russia Ancient" ngokuqhelekileyo obizwa ngokuba umbuso elimanyeneyo ngeenxa eKiev, obe ukusuka yethoba ukuya kumbindi kweyama weshumi elinesithathu. Enyanisweni, ukuba komdibaniso izilawuli, kunye noluntu lweMpuma nokuxubana, subordinated ukuya Grand Duke. i Union yabamba imimandla enkulu, ibutho yayo (i squad), elasekwa ulawulo lomthetho.

Xa isixeko samandulo Rus yamandulo kubuKristu, waqala ukwakha esebenzayo iitempile ngamatye. Le nkolo entsha iye yomelezwa nangakumbi amandla yenkulu Kiev kwaye aququzelelwa nkqubo angaphandle neentlobano zokwazana amazwe aseYurophu, uphuhliso lobudlelwane kwezenkcubeko Byzantium kunye namanye amazwe eziphuhliswe kakhulu.

Gardarika

Ukuvela ya le Rhaxiya yamandulo ukuba umlinganiswa lusilwa. Akulambathi yemihla Western Gardarika kuthiwa oko, oko kukuthi, iidolophu lizwe. Ukususela imithombo ebhalwe obusuka evela IX-X iinkulungwane, kwakusazeka ukuba iidolophu ezinkulu 24, kodwa sinako sicinge ukuba kwakukho abaninzi ngakumbi. Amagama ala zokuhlala ayephawulwa Slavic. Umzekelo, Novgorod, Vyshgorod, Beloozero, Przemysl. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, indima ya le Rhaxiya yamandulo olungathethekiyo ngokwenene: babelapho sele 238, baza enqatyisiweyo kakuhle, babe kumaziko kwezopolitiko, urhwebo, imfundo kunye nenkcubeko.

Isakhiwo kunye neempawu ze-zokuhlala emihleni yamandulo

Isixeko e Russia yamandulo - esi sisombululo, ngokuba awayinyulayo ngenyameko indawo. Lo mmandla kufuneka obutofotofo ngokwemiqathango zokhuselo. Phezu kwentaba, njengoko umthetho, kweli isebe lomlambo, nezaye inxalenye ezinqatyisiweyo ye (yesicelo). Izindlu zokuhlala zibekwe kufutshane emlanjeni, okanye emathafeni, uthe, ngomhla emqukumbelweni. Ngoko ke, lo mzi yokuqala ka-Russia yamandulo wayebunjwa umbindi - kwinqaba iShushan, kakuhle akhuselwe, kwaye lula ngakumbi, kodwa ngaphantsi ekhuselekileyo zorhwebo kunye nokuyenza ziingceba. Emva kwethutyana kwi zokuhlala kwenzeka namadlelo okanye eentaba.

kwisixeko samandulo eRashiya yamandulo eningayakhanga ngamatye, ngathi uninzi zokuhlala eNtshona Yurophu ngelo xesha, yaye wenziwe kweenkuni. Ngenxa yoko ke isenzi "ukusika" isixeko kunokuba kwakhiwe. Ukomeleza njengomqobo kwasekwa ijikazi ezingontsini log ngomthi ezaliswe emhlabeni. Fumana ngaphakathi kwakunokwenzeka kuphela ngesango.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Rus yamandulo ebizwa isixeko indawo nje kuphela, kodwa ucingo, inqaba, inqaba. Ukongeza kwinqaba iShushan, leyo likwaneklinkhi izakhiwo eziphambili (Cathedral Square, ebuncwaneni, kwithala leencwadi), kunye norhwebo kunye unokwakhela ikota kwanyanzeleka ukurhweba ndawo kunye nesikolo.

UMama imizi Russian

Oku kule walithiywa wawongwa mbali enkulu isichotho karhulumente. Ikomkhulu Russia yamandulo yayisisixeko Kiev - elihle elula kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwindawo wejografi. Abantu babehlala kulo ndawo sele 15-20 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Edume Prince Kyi, umseki lali, mhlawumbi owayephila ngexesha Chernyakhov inkcubeko. "Veles Book" ithi ukuba oyinzalelwane South Baltic waza wahlala kalukhuni phakathi kwenkulungwane yesibini. Ke sona isiseko nqaba lisukela emva kumthombo kwexesha zamaSkitiya esilala ngesigidimi nguHerodotus unamatye kunye. Mhlawumbi Polyansky Prince akazange ukubeka umzi, yazinyaswa kuphela wenza reference. Academician Rybakov wathi eKiev yasekwa kamva, ngenkulungwane 5-6, xa nokuxubana ndawo ngenkuthalo abantu kwi Dnieper kunye iDanube, phambili ukuya Balkan Peninsula.

Ukuvela ya le Rhaxiya yamandulo emva eKiev omzalayo, ekubeni iindonga ezinqatyisiweyo abantu bazive bekhuselekile. Kodwa Ekuqaleni amasimi dolophu karhulumente ufake Khazar Khanate. Ukongeza, McDermott yadibana umlawuli yaseByzantium, mhlawumbe ne Anastasia. Malunga Ulolawula isichotho emva kokufa umseki wayo ayaziwa. Imbali ukhankanya kuphela amagama kubalawuli ezimbini yokugqibela phambi kokufika Vikings. Oleg lesiprofeto ngaphandle kwegazi bababamba eKiev, wayenza ikomkhulu lakhe, Undityhale mbuya, latyumza Khazar Khanate wahamba ngokuchasene eConstantinople.

ixesha Golden of Kiev

Movies Oleg ezihlangwini zakhe, Igor kunye Svyatoslav namagorha ayikhange negalelo kuphuhliso mzi. imida yayo akukho kwandiswa ukususela Kia, kodwa iye wema entendelezweni, kwakhiwa yobuhedeni kunye neecawa zamaKristu. Ilungiselelo zokuhlala akuba eyitwabulule Prince Vladimir, kwaye emva kokuba ubhaptizo Rus 'uwukhulise ilitye zokungqinga amanqugwala oothixo ubudala yadilizwa emhlabeni. Phantsi Yaroslav wakha St. Sophia Cathedral kunye nesango Golden, naseKiev kaThixo ummandla kunye labantu bayo liye lenyuka izihlandlo eziliqela. Ngokukhawuleza ekuphuhliseni yezandla, upapasho, imfundo. Cities e Russia Ancient iba ngakumbi nangakumbi, kodwa isichotho Kyi isekhona ophetheyo. Namhlanje, kumbindi nophuculo Ukrainian ungabona izakhiwo kwakhiwa kwindawo zebhola karhulumente.

Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo kwesihloko Ukrainian

kwisixeko samandulo eRashiya yamandulo zintle kakhulu. Kwaye ke, ikomkhulu akukho ngaphandle. Namhlanje, izikhumbuzo bobugcisa elo xesha ukunika ithuba lokwandlala ubungangamsha Kiev. Imibombo ubalaseleyo - Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, yasekwa yimonki Anthony ngo-1051. Esi sakhiwo siquka iitempile amatye ezihonjiswe imizobo, iiseli, nemiqolomba komhlaba, iinqaba ezinqatyisiweyo. Gate Golden wakha phantsi Yaroslav izazi - sikhumbuzo eyodwa izakhiwo ukuzithethelela. Namhlanje kukho imyuziyam ngaphakathi ngeenxa zonke izakhiwo wahlula Square, apho kukho lesikhumbuzo kwisikhulu. Iyafuna ndibuvelela odumileyo St. Sophia Cathedral (1037), eSt kaMichael Cathedral Vydubychi Monastery (XI -. XII leminyaka) (. Onke ngenkulungwane XII), uCyril, Emnye Isango Church, iCawa uMsindisi on Berestove.

Veliky Novgorod

Major Cities of Russia yaMandulo - ayikho kuphela Stolny Kiev. Kuyinto amahle Novgorod, nto leyo iye yagcinwa kude kube namhlanje, kuba engenguye beqhutywa Mongols. Kamva, ukuze ukugxininisa indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali lali, igama ezisemthethweni abasemagunyeni wongeze isimaphambili "Enkulu".

Amazing Castle, balaba umlambo Volkhov, yasungulwa ngo-859. Kodwa lo mhla xa yokuhlala okwesihlandlo sokuqala imithombo ebhaliweyo. Chronicle ukhankanya ukuba 859 wafa Novgorod Voevoda Gostomysl kwaye ngoko Novgorod wavuka kusasa, kudala ngaphambi kokuba ebiza Rurik phezu ukubusa. ngabembi zibonise ukuba aba mazwe abantu bahlala kwinkulungwane yesihlanu. Encwadini yeembali olusempuma kwinkulungwane yeshumi ibizwa ngokuba yi-Slaviya (Uzuko, Sala), elinye lamaziko lwezenkcubeko kweli Rus. Xa oku kwakuthetha umzi Novgorod kunye engaphambili - kwidolophu endala Ilmen nokuxubana. Kwakhona, oko bunxulunyaniswa yaseScandinavia Holmgard, ikomkhulu Gardariki.

Iimpawu ze ikomkhulu Novgorod Republic

Njengazo zonke izixeko emikhulu Russia yamandulo, Novgorod waba zahlulo. Kwakukho iindawo yobugcisa-inhlangano kuyo, iindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle ezitalatweni, iinqaba. Detinets abunjwe kwangethuba 1044. Ngaphandle kuye, kude kube namhla wahlala shaft White (Alekseevskaya) Tower. Kule minyaka 1045-1050 kwisixeko zolwakhiwo St. Nozipho Cathedral, kancinane emva koko - uNicholas Dvorischenskogo, St George kunye wokuzalwa of the Virgin.

Xa abunjwe Veche Republic, nakubugcisa esezansi isixeko (apho isikolo Novgorod izakhiwo). Ubutyebi baye balahlekelwa ilungelo ukwakha amabandla, kodwa uxakeke abemi, abarhwebi kunye nabathengi. amakhaya abantu, njengokuba umthetho, zazenziwe ngamaplanga, yaye ngamatye iindawo kuphela zonqulo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba nokuba ngelo xesha Novgorod yasebenza ngumsele ngamaplanga, kwaye izitalato lenziwe ngamatshe ngeebloko ngamatye.

ezizukileyo Chernihiv

Ngokufundisisa imizi emikhulu eRashiya yamandulo, bangabi sakhunjulwa Chernigov. Xa endhawini yo yokuhlala mihla abantu abaye baphila kule nkulungwane BC-4. Kodwa njengoko isichotho Ekuqaleni kukhankanyiwe imithombo ezibhaliweyo kunyaka 907. Emva kokuba Battle of hardwood ngo-1024 Mstislav umzalwana Yaroslava Mudrogo, Chernihiv yenza ikomkhulu lakhe. Ukususela ngoko ibisoloko asakhasayo, likhula yaye yakhiwa. Apha sakhiwe Ilyinsky kunye Eletskii yoonongendi, nto ixesha elide kuba liziko yokomoya seLizwe, ogama intsimi prostilalas ukuya Murom kunye Kolomna Tmutarakani.

Ukuhlaselwa AmaTatar bayeka uphuhliso esinoxolo umzi, leyo itshiswe abendlu Chingizid Mongke ngo-Oktobha 1239. Namaxesha njengenkosana kuya mihla yafikelela yobuciko eziliqela zokwakha, kunye nabo, kwaye uqale ukuhlola umzi abakhenkethi. Le uMsindisi Cathedral (XI cent.), St. Elias Church, titsh kunye Cathedral kwe kwingcinga, Yelets Uspensky Monastery (yonke -. XII c), eSt ngoLwesihlanu Church. Paraskeva (XIII c.). Siya- Anthony Cave (XI-XIX c.) Yaye Black emimangweni eShiyol, malanga kunye Nameless.

Staraya Ryazan

Kwakukho omnye inqaba, wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ya le Rhaxiya yamandulo baba baninzi, kodwa hayi zonke kubo embindini ubulawuli. Ryazan, kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo Batu Khan, hayi indiphilisile. Ngowe-1778, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, okuyinto ezikude evela zokuhlala njengenkosana endala kwi-50 km, wanikwa igama elitsha - Ryazan, kodwa ulisebenzise isimaphambili "Entsha". Amabhodlo inqaba yamandulo namhlanje umdla omkhulu ngembali zakudala. iintsalela iinqaba kuphela abahlala iihektare ngaphezu zaba ngamashumi omathandathu. Le reserve zakudala sikwabandakanya emanxuweni beemboniselo wabasiki, New Fortress Olga, afihla kufutshane All-Russian rodnovercheskoe Sanctuary.

okumangalisayo ESmolensk

Xa efikelela kuyo Dnieper yi kwisixeko sakudala yaye intle kunene. Placename ESmolensk lusukela isihloko Smolnya umlambo okanye igama wesizwe Smolyan. Kwakhona kusenokwenzeka ukuba le nqaba igama imbeko yokuba yena elele indlela esuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda, yaye indawo apho abahambi itela iphenyane. Ekuqaleni okhankanywe "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" kwi 862 kwaye ibizwa ngokuba embindini womanyano wesizwe Krivichy. Kwiphulo lokulwa eConstantinople Askold kunye Dir wajikeleza ESmolensk iqela kuba enqatyisiweyo kakhulu. Ngo-882 le nqaba yathinjwa Lesiprofeto Oleg yaba yinxalenye amagunya akhe.

Ngo-1127, umzi uba iqashiso Rostislav Mstislavovitch, owathi ngo-1146 wayalela ukwakha Church of SS uPetros noPawulos, ESmolensk, Church of Ioanna Bogoslova. Phambi kokuba Mongol ukuhlaselwa ESmolensk ifikelela indawo yayo ephezulu. Wathabatha malunga 115 leehektare, kwaye kukho abemi ngumhlali amawaka-40. Abantu amawaka asibhozo amakhaya. ehlasela hlokondiba alukhange wachukumisa isichotho, elathi ukuba asindise zesikhumbuzo abaninzi. Kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba uphulukene ixabiso layo, wawa phantsi ukuxhomekeka kwezinye izilawuli.

eminye imizi

Njengoko ubona, uphuhliso aphezulu ezisezidolophini Russia yamandulo avunyelwe ukuba ube nje kuphela kwiziko kwezopolitiko mmandla, kodwa ukuze babe angaphandle kunye namanye amazwe. Umzekelo, ESmolensk waba nolwalamano olusondeleyo Riga kunye nobudlelwane zorhwebo Novgorod ngokubanzi i kaHomer. Ziziphi ezinye iindawo eyayikho eRashiya?

• Polotsk, kubekwe phezu isebe eli Dvina Koloni. Namhlanje yena phezu kummandla Belarus anokuzithanda ngalo kubakhenkethi. Malunga era kwesikhulu lisikwa St. Sophia Cathedral (kwinkulungwane ye-11, batshabalalisa kwaye zakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-18) kunye isakhiwo ilitye sidala kweli lizwe - i yoTshintsho Church (12).
• Pskov (kunyaka 903).
• Rostov (862).
• Suzdal (862).
• Vladimir (kunyaka 990). Isixeko iqukiwe Golden Ring of Russia, odumileyo Uspensky kunye Dmitrievsky Cathedral, Gate Golden.
• Moore (862), wayitshisa phantsi ngexesha Mongol ukuhlasela, kwakhona kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine.
• Yaroslavl - isixeko kwi iVolga, yasekwa Yaroslav i Ulumkile ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi.
• Terebovlya (Compostela-Volyn ulawulo), ukukhankanywa yokuqala isixeko lisukela emva kunyaka 1097.
• Galich (Compostela-Volyn ulawulo), ukukhankanywa okokuqala ebhaliweyo yaba emva kunyaka 1140. Noko ke, kule epics ka Duke Stepanovich ithi ukuba andifani eKiev ngexesha ubomi Ili Muromtsa, kwaye wafumana ubhaptizo elide phambi kweminyaka 988.
• Vyshgorod (kunyaka 946). Le nqaba iqashiso lika Princess Olga kunye nendawo yakhe ayithandayo. Kulapha ke wahlala amashweshwe ezimakhulu mathathu, Prince Vladimir phambi kokuba ebhaptiziwe. Ukusuka era Old Russian watshabalala kwisakhiwo esithile.
• Pereyaslavl (yanamhlanje Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky). Ngowe-907 kuqala kukhankanyiwe imithombo ebhaliweyo. Namhlanje emzini ungabona yokutyiwa iinqaba kwiinkulungwane 10-11.

endaweni yokuba UYobi

Kakade ke, musa ukuba kuluhlu yonke imizi ixesha elizukileyo eMpuma nokuxubana kwimbali. Kwaye ngakumbi nako ukuchaza kubo ngokupheleleyo njengoko sifanelwe kukohlwaywa, ngenxa yemida yobungakanani amanqaku zethu. Ke sinethemba lokuba umdla bavuswe isifundo elidlulileyo.