Ziziphi iimeko Brest yoxolo: isishwankathelo isivumelwano kunye neziphumo zawo

Soviet Russia, kwelinye icala, eJamani, eBulgaria, Turkey kunye Austria-Hungary - kwelinye icala, bangena kwisivumelwano ngo-1918. Ukususela oko, yintoni na imiqathango Brest yoxolo, kwakuxhomekeke imeko amagunya amaninzi.

iziganeko zangaphambili

Imigaqo iPeace Brest ngo-1918 kuxoxwa izihlandlo ezimbalwa yaye ngamanqanaba amathathu. Inkoliso yeentlanganiso ingqalelo yahlawulwa kulo mba Armenian. Soviet Russia ubeke phambili inani iimeko, ke, Germany kunye namahlakani ayo ndiwulahle lo uxolo Brest. Umhla we-thethwano malunga nesiphelo kwesivumelwano kwi Brest-Litovsk - 1917, Disemba 9. Kukho kwakhona ireyithi umyalelo waseJamani. I Amaqumrhu wazama ukuphepha kwixesha elizayo indemnities ehlabathini annexations.

Indawo yobunkokheli Soviet

La madoda Soviet liqulunqe inkqubo, bona babemlandele ngexesha thethwano. Ukususela oko, yintoni na imiqathango Brest yoxolo, kwakuxhomekeke ekunyanisekeni kwindawo Russian kunye nabemi bayo. Iingongoma eziphambili zale nkqubo:

• Ithuba ukunqanda nokudliwa ngokucinezela ngamandla amazwe kuyo ngexesha umlo.
• Ukubuyiselwa ukuzimela kwezopolitiko ngokupheleleyo abantu, ukuba yekabani le kule khosi waloo mfazwe.
• Ithuba ukuze indemnities.
• Ukuqaliswa ukuzimela abambalwa yesizwe ngokuhambelana inani elithile iimeko.
• Ukuxhobisa amaqela eentlanga ilungelo ukukhetha ilizwe okanye ukudalwa ukuzimela yayo karhulumente.
• Imiba yobukoloniyali ayisonjululwa ngokungqinelana nemigaqo ngasentla.
• Ulondolozo amalungelo nenkululeko iintlanga ngokuncipha.

Ubunkokheli eSoviet wayeceba indlela ekutsaleni thethwano yoxolo elide, ndithembe ukuba buthathaka Germany ngenxa wotshintsho lwangaphakathi ngasese. January 28, 1918 eRashiya wanikwa el. Germany wabiza wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano kwiimeko ezifana ukuba kukhokelela, isebe lasePoland, i aseBalti kunye Belarus.

Lungisa Russia

iimfuno Germany bakaThixo nyala. Kwelinye icala, Russia ayikwazanga uvume ukuba basayine behlazekile enjalo contract yakhe, kwaye kufuneka, kunoko, ukuze uqalise imfazwe kunokuba uyavumelana kwiimeko ezinjalo. Kodwa imithombo ngokuba imisebenzi yokulwa akwanelanga. Ukususela oko, yintoni na imiqathango Brest yoxolo, kwakuxhomekeke amandla Russia. Leon noTrotsky, kunye namanye iiBolsheviks, wazama ukufumana indlela yokuphuma kule meko. Kunye nobunkokheli ilizwe, beza kwisigqibo ukuba iintliziyo zazo. NgoJanuwari 28, intloko kwabathunywa Soviet wenza intetho, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kulandelayo: ihlabathi akayi isayinwe, kodwa ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, Russia akayi Ndibalise. ULeon noTrotsky wamemezela ukukhululwa kwabantu kunye nomkhosi zemfazwe.

Esi sigqibo kothusa oonozakuzaku waseJamani kunye Austria. Abazange balindele ekutshintsheni iziganeko. Februwari 18 baqala uhlaselo imikhosi Austria-Hungarian. I-Red Army aye ohlulwa, kwakungekho namnye ukuxhathisa utshaba. Ngenxa yoko, Pskov kunye Narva ngazo. Ezinye webutho, aba kweli xesha kwizikhundla zabo, lihambe ngaphandle umlo. Russia kuyimfuneko akusekho ukuxoxa ukuba yintoni na imiqathango Brest uxolo. Februwari 19 Iimfuno isiJamani kwamkelwa kwicala yiSoviet.

EJamani, ephawula lithemba ngemeko eRashiya ngoku befuna ummandla ngakumbi (izihlandlo ezihlanu), nto leyo phantse kwimpahla lonke kwamalahle ore eli lizwe kunye nabantu ezigidi-50 ophilileyo. Kwakhona, icala eSoviet sanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule imali enkulu. Abathunywa New Russian kuphelela yi UGrigory Sokolnikov. Wathi ukuba akukho ukhetho kwaye ukuthintelwa asayine isivumelwano soxolo kwimeko elinikiweyo. Kwakhona wavakalisa ithemba lokuba imeko yangoku kokwexeshana.

NgokoMthetho Brest woxolo - ngokufutshane

• Ukulahlwa kwe amaphondo apho abantu balapha namandla Belarusians.
• Ingqwalasela geqe Ukraine.
• Utyeshelo amaphondo privislyanskih of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, i-Grand Duchy of Finland.
• Branch imimandla abaseAfrika - Batumi kunye Kars.
• Ukwenza Uxolo ne UPR.
• Le kwamabutho yomkhosi kunye weenqanawa.
• Ukulondolozwa kwizithuthi Baltic kunye iziseko Finnish kunye eBaltic.
• Intlawulo engange zegolide million 500 no-6 billion namanqaku.
• Baltic Fleet washiya isiseko e Finland kunye aseBalti.
• Ukupheliswa ze olululo.
• Black Sea fleet yokumka Central Powers.

imiphumela

Ngaloo ndlela ke wenza Brest uxolo. Umhla ukusayina kwayo - Matshi 3, 1918. Ukraine, Poland, ithi lweBaltic yaye inxalenye Byelorussia ziye kumsindo eRashiya. Kwakhona, iSoviet ihlawulwe Germany ngaphezu kweetoni 90 zegolide. AmaJamani, bengathi baza bafuna ukuqinisekisa igunya ngurhulumente esemthethweni Ukraine waqalisa umsebenzi nommandla wayo. Ngeli xesha ukunyuka Ekhohlo uphakamo SR nemfazwe yamakhaya kuthatha uhlobo amadabi ezinkulu-scale. Eliphikisayo kabukhali wagxeka ingxelo nguLenin iRussia kwanyanzeleka ukwamkela imiqathango yesivumelwano. Yomkhosi wakhe akanalo ucwangco. Iziphumo Uxolo Brest wabonisa ukuba abaxhasi aphikisayo ndibize ngenxa yokuvukela ezithandwayo ukwenzela ukucinezela amajoni German-Austria. Entente State wamelana uxolo ezisayiniweyo. Ukusukela ku Matshi ukuya ku-Agasti 1918 ukugaleleka amajoni aseBritani Japanese e Murmansk, Vladivostok, Arkhangelsk.

Ukuphela Uxolo of Brest

Brest uxolo ukuba simiselwe ixesha elide ukwenza. NgoNovemba 13, emva kokoyisa Austria-German imikhosi (ngenxa namahlakani ayo), eRashiya kurhoxiswa yona. Ngosuku wokucinywa, inkokheli yiSoviet, wafudukela eMoscow, esoyika isifo isiJamani kwi Petrograd. Emva yokurhoxiswa mvumelwano wenza minyinyiva indawo ziye zisenokuthathwa njengezingekho mthethweni. Ubunkokheli eSoviet uye walungiselela abahlali eCaucasus kunye nezinye iindawo yabanjwa khetha ikamva labo. Eku sunguleni, September 20, 1918, lakrazuka inxalenye Brest uxolo nxamnye eTurkey.

Kuthiwa ukuba iziphumo ze-Brest uxolo ububazi igunya Lenin. KwiBolsheviks baqala ku n'wi ndingakholosayo ngakumbi. Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Civil ngo-1922, wazibeka uninzi Russian amandla eSoviet.