Brest-Litovsk

Sekuphelisweni Brest uxolo yaba wesithathu ngoMatshi 1918. isivumelwano kwe nxaxheba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Russia - icala lokuqala, eJamani, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria kunye Turkey - owesibini. Isiphumo sale isivumelwano soxolo lwalulolwexeshana. Sagcina ngaphezulu kancinane ngaphezu kweenyanga ezilithoba.

Yonke le nto yaqala kuthethwano zokuqala Brest, apho abameli Russian iiBolsheviks baba LB Kamenev kunye Yoffe AA and Mstislavsky SD, LM Karahan Ngomzuzu wokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba le dolophu umda, kwagqitywa ukuba kuyimfuneko inxaxheba kwabantu. Ezo abasebenzi joni sentsimbi, Noomateloshe nomlimi ogama batsalwa umdla omkhulu. Kakade ke, lo mbono eli qela ngexesha thethwano ibingento kwaye hayi nje uyasiva.

Ngexesha iintetho, kwafunyaniswa yi kukuba icala waseJamani, ukongeza wokutyikitywa yoxolo, ufuna esiphelweni ngaphandle annexations kunye indemnities, kwakunye wayezimisele ukwenza Russia ilungelo iintlanga self-determination, ngoko uceba ukwenza ukufumana phantsi kolawulo lwayo Ukraine kunye Russian eBaltic. Kuye kwacaca ukuba Russia unokuphulukana ku Lithuania, Latvia, Poland kunye ummandla eCaucasus.

Nokusayinwa i Brest uxolo yaba isgqibo okwexeshana kuphela ekulweni. Lenin, noTrotsky kunye Sverdlov belukhathazeke ukuba kwimeko xa iimeko icala German ukuba zabhukuqwa ukuba uMbuso, njengoko uninzi iiBolsheviks bungayelelani nkqubo Vladimir Ulyanov.

NgoJanuwari 1918 e Brest kwaqhutywa Inqanaba lesibini thethwano. Le thimba ekhokelwa noTrotsky ngaphandle ubukho abamele abantu. Indima ephambili kule ngeenxa behlelo abathunywa Ukrainian, imfuneko engundoqo eziya ukhipha emazweni Austria-Hungarian of Bukovina kunye Compostela. Ngelo xesha linye icala Ukrainian akazange afune ukwazi abathunywa Russian. Ngenxa yoko, iRashiya walahlekelwa njengehlakani eUkraine. Kuba eJamani, le yokugqibela kuya kungenelwa nokubambisa nommandla wayo inani elikhulu izitora iingalo kunye iiyunifomu zomkhosi. Brest uxolo, ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukufikelela esivumelana ngazo, laphela nganto, kwaye ke asicinywanga isayinwe.

Isigaba sesithathu thethwano, apho ummeli thwa Russian noTrotsky Wala ukuqaphela abameli Ukraine.

Okwesithathu Matshi 1918 Brest uxolo sisayinwe. Esi sivumelwano yaba sisiphumo ngokukhatywa Russian Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, eCrimea, Ukraine neCaucasus. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izixhobo kwizithuthi kwaye yakhutshwa eJamani, waphoselwa ubungakanani igalelo amanqaku billion ezintandathu zegolide, kwakunye namanqaku lezigidi enye umonakalo abemi German, baye ubunzima ebudeni revolution. Austria-Hungary kunye Germany wafumana izitora iingalo kunye emthethweni. Brest ukuthula azibeka ukuzibophelela Russian ukuba ukurhoxisa amajoni ayo kule mimandla. indawo lawo yimikhosi German exhobileyo. Isivumelwano zokuXabangela ukuba isivumelwano soxolo sicacisa imeko yezoqoqosho waseJamani eRashiya. Ngenxa yoko, abemi isiJamani banikwe ilungelo lokuba benze ushishino eRashiya, nangona ngokugqithisa inkqubo kwesizwe.

Brest uxolo abuyiselwe nezi eJamani, eyasekwa ngo-1904. Ngenxa non-ukuqatshelwa yamaBolshevik tsarist amatyala Russia phantsi kwesi siVumelwano liye lanyanzeleka ukuba ukuqinisekisa nabo kumazwe afana Austria-Hungary, eBulgaria, Turkey kunye Germany iqale nokuyibuyisa la matyala.

Amazwe ababe yinxalenye block Entente, akazange ayithande Brest uxolo, yaye phakathi Matshi 1918 ibhengeze non-ingqalelo yayo.

NgoNovemba 1918, iJamani nethe isivumelwano uxolo. kweentsuku ezimbini kamva, kulandele ukurhoxiswa yayo yi-Central yiKomiti Elawulayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amajoni aseJamani waqalisa ukuhamba owayesakuba ummandla Russian.