Ukugxothwa kwabantu eSoviet Union: izizathu, iimeko, iziphumo kunye neziphumo. Ukugxothwa kwizizwana yiSoviet Union e Kazakhstan

Imbali akahlali kuzisa kuluntu ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu mathuba sonwabe. ihlabathi akholisa ukubakho iziganeko ayinakuguqulwa ezaziza ngonaphakade kutshabalalisa ubomi amakhulu amawaka abantu. Eli ukugxothwa yabantu kwi eSoviet Union. Izizathu, iimeko, iziphumo kunye neziphumo namhlanje ihlala umbuzo vula Ukwacinga mbali kwaye ibangela iimbambano kunye nokucacisa. Noko ke, le ntlungu ayinako unokuthathwa njenge kuphuhliso kwimbali yoluntu. Kutheni? Makhe sihlolisise ngakumbi lo mba.

ukuba nombono

Ukugxothwa kwabantu eSoviet Union - isiganeko yashukumisa lizwe kwi banesifo zenkulungwane lokugqibela. ingcinezelo Political yale ubukhulu azikhange lwenziwe ngaphambili, ngoko abantu Kwathi Njengokungeniswa. Eyona phawu ngowe - ukuba inkqubo ngaphandle kweengxoxo. Inginginya yabangela, hayi kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuzimisela efanayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo iingongoma ngayinye engaqhelekanga, kude nekhaya, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu yingozi.

ulwazi zembali

Ngokwembali, ukuba ukugxothwa kwezizwe eSoviet Union ayaphula ubomi bezizwe ezilishumi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho baseJamani baseKorea, kwakukho Chechens, Kalmyks kunye nabanye abahlali ukuba nayo yonke le walahlekelwa nokuba ukuzimela yayo.

Abantu balahlekelwa yiyo yonke into ababenayo: ekhaya, usapho, izalamane, umsebenzi kunye nemali. ukususwa kwabo ngenkani kuhlala iimeko ezimbi apho ukuze sisinde kuphela kakhulu sizingise. Kule mini, akwaziwa ngqo wagxothelwa oko abantu eSoviet Union kuba amanani zabo omkhulu. Kule 'sokuhluza ingcinezelo "kwakukho amaqela eentlanga, iyaxela ngokuhlala nobumi ethno-confessional. Abemi Soviet Wanyamezela iziganeko abangcangcazelisi 30, yaye kamva ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Le nkohlakalo ukuphazamisa uxolo izibonda, Ukraine,, Moldavians, Bulgarians, Armenia, Turks, kunye namanye amaqela Russian izizwe. Ibizwa ngokuba umcimbi ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo wabantu kuphela ngo-1991. Ngoko ke umthetho uye waqaphela ukuba ukugxothwa kwezizwe eSoviet Union yayiyindawo ukuba, yaye zinganakwa phantsi kohlanga, ukunyelisa, ukubana ngenkani, ubunqolobi kunye nabanye ukunyhashwa abantu.

Izinto ezibangela sikweni

Kutheni ukugxothwa izizwe eSoviet Union? Izizathu ngokuqhelekileyo zachazwa ekukhanyeni ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Oko kukuthi, ukuba iziganeko ezimbi sharing-40 yaba isiseko ukukhutshwa abantu ezingafunekiyo. Kodwa ukuqonda kwabo ezindala elungileyo kwezi ziganeko, ukuba le asiyiyo sizathu. Emva kokuba ukugxothwa kwezizwe eSoviet Union baqalisa kudala ngaphambi ntlekele imfazwe.

Kwakutheni ukuze urhulumente waseSoviet mercilessly ukuthumela abantu babo ekufeni? De kube ngoku, iimbambano ziqhutywa kulo mba. Ngokusemthethweni, loo nto ixela ukuba ukungcatshwa yaba isizathu ukugxothwa ezizweni USSR. Isizathu yayikukunceda abameli ezi ntlanga uHitler, ngokunjalo nemisebenzi yabo asebenzayo ngokuchasene oluBomvu Army ukusuka.

Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi nokungalungi ingcinezelo of iintlanga kuthathwa imbali Chechens kunye Ingush. ukuthuthwa ayifihlakele, kodwa izizathu zokwenyani olusana. Abantu banyanzelwa ukuba bakholelwa ukuba kummandla yelizwe lawo ziya kubanjwa imithambo ezithile. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali abaninzi, kusekho ingxaki le ukuphathwa kakubi yezi zizwe baqalisa belwela inkululeko yesizwe ngokuchasene besothusa ngamandla eSoviet.

A nesimo esifanayo kunye baseKorea. Baqala zingafuni ngenxa zaseMelika wakhetha eJapan, leyo kuthiwa sibandakanya bale hlanga. Kodwa xa siqwalasela iziganeko ngokweenkcukacha kuvela ingcinezelo nezepolitiki. Ngoko ke, ngenxa ukukhutshwa Korea, eSoviet Union iye wabonisa ukuzimisela kwalo ukusebenzisana kunye neTshayina, Japan kunye nenkcaso ngokubanzi, ukuma yezopolitiko kwiMpuma Ekude.

Ngokubanzi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukugxothwa kwezizwe USSR ngokufutshane wabonisa isimo sengqondo abasemagunyeni 'kwi imeko yezopolitiko ehlabathini. Ukuba ngaphambili bazama ukuphelisa iintlanga kuphela ndileqeka inkululeko, ngexesha lemfazwe, baba ngenxa zingafuni namahlakani iintlanga akufunayo.

Igagasi lokuqala

Umzekelo wokuqala kweziganeko zobundlobongela yafunyanwa ngo-1918. Ke iminyaka esixhenxe, urhulumente waseSoviet bazama zingafuni White Guard Cossacks, nabo abo iziza ezinkulu zomhlaba. I Cossacks zentsimbi yokuqala umfuniselo kummandla Terek. Ukongeza apho, kwafuneka ukuba aye kwezinye iindawo kwi Donbass kunye North Caucasus, ummandla lwabo lweenkobe sakhutshelwa kwezinye amaxhoba elizayo, i Ingush kunye Chechens.

Kakade ke, kuhle nto ndandingakwazi ukugxothwa ezizweni USSR. Historiography ibonisa ukuba ngowe-1921, nkqu nabantu Russian zaye bagxothwe kummandla wabo Semirechensk xa ngenkani Babesuswa Turkestan.

Ezi ziganeko zilandelayo senzeka sele kwi 30. ELeningrad, kwakukho yaxhuzula enkulu Estonia, eLatvia, izibonda, amaJamani, eFinland kunye Lithuanians. Ilandelwe yi ukuthuthwa Ingrian Finnish. iintsapho ziye zinganakwa emva kweminyaka embalwa zezibonda kunye amaJamani, azinza eUkraine.

impi

Ukugxothwa kwizizwe USSR ngexesha lemfazwe, esebenza ngakumbi nangobundladiya ngakumbi. Ngelo xesha, baye bakhutshwa inani elikhulu iintlanga, kuquka Kurds, i iCrimea Roma, amaGrike Pontian, Nogai, njalo njalo. D. Bonke bephela, batshutshiswa ngenxa ngokusebenzisana. Ngenxa intsebenziswano gwenxa phakathi kwizizwe zeli lizwe-umhlaseli kunye namahlakani ayo, abantu abadala abakuvinjwayo ukuzimela, amakhaya kunye neentsapho. Ukugxothwa kwabantu eSoviet Union, itafile leyo ngokwembali zazaliswa izizwe ezintsha, yonakalisa ukuphila bezizwe ngaphezu kwama-60. Kwitheyibhile abo bantu bahlupheka kakhulu.

Inani abemi uphum (amawaka abantu).

ixesha	baseJamani	iCrimea nangezinto	Chechens	Ingush	Karachai	Kalmyks	Balkar
ekwindla 1941	1193
ekwindla 1943					137
ebusika 1944			731	174		192
Spring 1944		190					108
Spring-Fall 1945		151	328	77	121	79	33
1946-1948	999	295	608	154	115	150	63
ihlobo 1949	-1078	295	576.	159	115	153	64
1950	2175	300	582	160	118	154	63
1953-1989	9870	1227	3381	852	606	722	325

Njengoko imbali ibonisa, izizathu ukuziphatha okunjalo eSoviet Union kungenzeka ukuba lukhulu. Le ingxabano phakathi kwamazwe kunye neentlanga, iba yiyo lobuqu Stalin, bengajonge politiko, zonke iintlobo ubandlululo kanye njalo. D. Makhe siqwalasele indlela ukugxothwa kwabantu ngamnye USSR nendlela ingcinezelo ngayo ubomi babantu.

Chechens and Ingush

Ngoko ke, njengoko kuboniswe amaxwebhu embali, aba bantu baye bakhutshwa ngenxa kuqhuba imisebenzi ezithile. Oku kwaba ngenxa yokuba ubukho ebekumele lemigewu ezintabeni. Kwelinye icala, le meko yaba gwe. Ezintabeni, ngoko unga ukubukela izinto nesabasilaleleyo bazama ukubhukuqa umbuso eSoviet. Kwelinye icala, ezi imikhosi zizincinci ukuba akwazi ukwenza nantoni na.

Noko ke, ukususela-1944, abantu baye zathuthwa ku Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Njengesiqhelo, abantu abaninzi baye ofela ukufuduswa. Abo basindayo abasala nje entlango. Phezu komhlaba, bamshiya Chechens kunye Ingush, wathumela abafundi ababefanele ukuxhasa iinkomo kunye nezinye efama.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba abaphandi baye bathi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba nezityholo ezixhasa Chechens baseJamani ezo zizizathu. Oku kungenxa yokuba akukho lijoni elinye waseJamani kuye engazange yenziwe kweli lizwe, kunye nentsebenziswano kunye lujoyine eentloko ezaxhobela lwamaNazi nto ayizange yenzeke, ngokuba ekubsndakanyeni wayengekho kuloo ndawo.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, Chechens Ingush weza phantsi "kwesandla ashushu" kuba nje bekusoloko balwela inkululeko yawo kwaye bazama ukulwa ulawulo lweSoviet.

baseJamani

Mhlawumbi, kuyacaca ukuba eyokuqala ngubani yathotyelwa kwimeko ingcinezelo ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yeSibini, amaJamani yaqala. Sele ngo-1941 wawiswa na, ngokutsho ngayo, kufuneka 'itshabalalise "Ukuzilawula Republic of iVolga, ezihlala esi sizwe. iintsuku nje ezimbini abantu abaninzi bathunyelwa eSiberia, Kazakhstan, zeAltai kunye Urals. Inani wabo wafika 360 amawaka abantu.

Isizathu sokuba ingcinezelo enjalo iye yaba ukuvela ulwazi malunga zaseMelika elizayo kunye ngabom, ezibe ukuqalisa ngoko nangoko emva uphawu Hitler. Noko ke, njengoko umlando ubonisa, kunye namaxwebhu bafumana kwakungekho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ezi ziganeko ziza kwenzeka. La marhe zibe nje ibhaxa zingafuni kubantu German.

Abo amaJamani abo Wabizelwa emkhosini, wemka apho. Amadoda aphakathi kweminyaka engama-17 kunyaka olandelayo ebizwa ngokuba kwimiqolo zabasebenzi. Apho, babesebenza nzima kumzi-mveliso, emigodini neenkampu imithi. Bebonke isiphelo sinye wehlelwa iintlanga, zezabelo yembali apho babehlangene Hitler. Emva kwemfazwe, abo batshutshiswayo, bazama ukubuyela ekhaya, kodwa ngowe-1947 baye bathunyelwa kwakhona.

Karachai

Karachai wabandezeleka ukusuka ingcinezelo ngo-1943. Ekuqaleni Second World War inani yabo kancinane ngaphezu kwama-70 amawaka abantu. A unyaka wonke ummandla wabo yayisonganyelwa ekuhlaleni waseJamani. Kodwa emva kokukhutshwa kwabantu thina baye bakwazi ukufumana uxolo.

Ngowe-1943, kwathiwa wentsebenziswano kunye amajoni baseJamani ababesiza Karachai, wabonisa endleleni lukhuselwe yi Olubomvu Army. Ngokugxotha olu hlanga ku Kazakhstan kunye Kyrgyzstan, oko kwakufuneka ukusebenzisa emkhosini, abangama-53.000. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphezulu kwama 69.000 Karachai wathathwa kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa. Ngexesha ukuthutha abantu 600 zabulawa. Isiqingatha zocindezelo yayiquka abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-16.

Abo ngelo xesha wakhonza kwi Red Army 1944 emva kwamabutho bagxothwa.

Kalmyks

Kalmyks baqweqwediswa amashwa enye Karachai. Ekupheleni kuka-1943 wakhupha umthetho, nto leyo yathetha ukuba ukukhutshwa le hlanga. Isizathu sokuba bagxothwe inkcaso kurhulumente eSoviet, Ukuyekwa uncedo kwi-Red Army kwimpixano yesizwe. Isiganeko iphambili kweli ingcinezelo yaba ukusebenza "Uluses" lukho kumkhosi yiSoviet.

Xa inyathelo lokuqala ngayo lwapheliswa kuka 93 amawaka Kalmucks. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho 700 izihange kunye nabo ngenkuthalo ubambisene yiJamani. Kwinyanga kamva ukuba abagxothiweyo omnye 1,000 abantu. Ngaphezu kwama-50% ye-Kalmyks bahlala kummandla Tyumen. Ngenxa yokuba le ukugxothwa lwenzeka ngo-Disemba / Januwari, abantu abaninzi baye bafa ehanjiswayo.

Abo thaca olu hlanga, nto leyo esele wakhonza ukuze kuxhamle i-Red Army, bayalelwe evela kumaziko ngaphambili kunye emfundo. Yaye kuqala ukuba ngokwentando kwizithili zomkhosi ezahlukeneyo, yaye emva koko wokugxothwa enkonzweni. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho ubungqina bembali ukuba Kalmyks kusekho emkhosini baza bakhonza njengoko yiSoviet Union.

AmaTatar iCrimea

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko baqalisa counter uxambuliswano ye-Red Army, uze emva koko inkululeko kwimimandla imizi. Noko ke, Stalin akazange ukuzola yaye waqhubeka zithandani uhlanga emva uhlanga kumazwe zabo. Ngoko, emva kokuba ukugxothwa amaJamani ukusuka ezweni iCrimea AmaTatar yaqala zocindezelo.

Ngokutsho amaxwebhu thola kwenzeka ukuba isizathu kwenye okungaziwa. Ngokutsho Beria, Bole 20 amawaka abantu olu hlanga baba ngabangcatshi oluBomvu Army. Inxalenye iCrimea AmaTatar baye bagqiba ekubeni sifudukele eJamani. Enye ingxenye wahlala eCrimea. Apho babanjwe, kwaye ngexesha uphendlo wafumana inani enkulu yezixhobo.

USSR ngelo xesha babesoyika nempembelelo Turkey ngayo kule meko. kulapho AmaTatar abaninzi ababephila ngaphambi kwemfazwe, yaye abanye babo wahlala apho de ngoko. Ngoko ke, ulwalamano intsapho ukuphazamisa uxolo abahlali, kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo zikhokelele abahlali kunye nezinye izixholoxholo. Ezi amathandabuzo amandla eSoviet afakelwe nesibakala sokuba iJamani wayezama ukweyisela Turkey ukuba ajoyine i-Union.

Nini ixesha elimalunga ezimbini iintsuku. Ingcinezelo urhulumente waseSoviet wathuma amajoni 32.000. ICrimea AmaTatar waba imizuzu embalwa ukupakisha uhambe uye kwisikhululo. Ukuba ngaba umntu akazange afune ukuba ushiye indlu okanye akaba nako ukuhamba, wadutyulwa. Njengesiqhelo, abaninzi zinganakwa wafa ethunyelwayo ngenxa yokuswela ukutya, unyango kunye neemeko ezinzima.

Ukugxothwa kwizizwe USSR kwiMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic kwenzeka qho ngenyanga. Phantsi hit ingcinezelo yaye Azerbaijani, owayehlala kummandla eGeorgia. Bathunyelwa ukuya kummandla kunye Borchali Karayazsky. Isiphumo sale ntlekele kukuba iintsapho 31 kuphela wahlala kuloo ndawo. Armenia bela emazweni zabo ngo-1944. Kulo nyaka, ingcinezelo le Meskhetian Turks, amaGrike, Turks and Kurds.

iziphumo usizi

Ngenxa ukugxothwa yezizwe eSoviet Union kukhokelele iziphumo eyoyikekayo, eseleyo ngonaphakade nasezintliziyweni zabo bonke abemi iintlanga zinganakwa. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwenkcazelo yembali, inani amaJamani abaye bafuduke, yafikelela kubantu abamalunga 950.000. Inani lilonke Chechens asiwa Balkarians Ingushs kunye karachaevtcev yaba 608 amawaka. ICrimea AmaTatar, Bulgarians, amaGrike kwaye Armenia asiwa kwi-mali ka-228 lamawaka.

Ukuze ahlale phantsi kwintsimi entsha, zizwe kwafuneka anyamezele iingxaki ezininzi. Mortality ezi ntlanga phakathi liye landa izihlandlo eziliqela kule minyaka ukugxothwa ofayo avareji ikota isizwe.

Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele lulwahlulo abahlali babegxothiwe. Abanye babonwa esi siganeko ukuqonda omnye, phezu koko, yakholwa zinganakwa ncedi nganto yaye ndifuna abayicukuleyo. Ezi meko zinje yakhokelela ndlongo phezu inxalenye amaxhoba kwezi ziganeko. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi zivulelwe nxamnye namandla eSoviet azame nokuhlela isiyaluyalu eluntwini.

nemiphumela unya

Ngokwendalo, ingozi eyoyikekayo yaba ukugxothwa kwezizwe USSR. Izizathu, iimeko, iziphumo kunye neempembelelo abangenayo. iinzame gangalala apho ingcinezelo, endaweni esilwa amaNazi. A isixa esikhulu izixhobo kunye nabezomkhosi abandakanyeke ukugxothwa, nangona bengazange babe lwaneleyo ngaphambili. Iinkcukacha-manani zibonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-220 lamawaka amajoni babesebenza nokuhlaliswa. Sisebenzisane nabo, kunye nabaqeshwa phantse 100 lamawaka arhente ezahlukeneyo zonyanzeliso lomthetho.

Ngaphezu koko, ingcinezelo yaye uyoyika nezinye iintlanga, ezibe siqinisekile ukuba kungekudala kuza, yaye emva kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, phantsi kwe "kwesandla ashushu" ingaba ukufumana Estonia, Ukraine Karelia. Kwakhona Kirghiz wayemoyika nokulahleka komhlaba lwabo, njengoko amarhe ukuba bonke abantu bomthonyama kuzaku buyiselwa nabafuduki.

Ukugxothwa abantu eSoviet Union kunye neziphumo zayo ziye zakhokelela ekubeni kususa ngokupheleleyo lonke uhlanga izakhelo. Ngenxa yokuba abahla- bangena kwindawo yazo ezingaqhelekanga, abantu bomthonyama, ugalelwe zinganakwa. Kwavala ukubunjwa kazwelonke-indawo. Le ingcinezelo washiya uphawu enkulu endleleni yobomi basemzini, inkcubeko yabo nezithethe.

Ukugxothwa abantu eSoviet Union kunye neziphumo zayo ziye zakhokelela ekubeni abantu abaninzi ngoku balwa omnye komnye, abakwazi ukwahlula ilizwe. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba abaninzi oonobangela kwale nkqubo azikhange ugwetyelwe. Awukwazi athi urhulumente waseSoviet uthathe isisombululo efanelekileyo eza kunceda ngexesha Second World War. Ezinye iintlanga khokhela inkcaso zazo kwabasemagunyeni, amaJamani ulixhoba impindezelo ngenxa Hitler kunye ndlongo yakhe.

wemvula of Kazakhstan

Astana kwakhona ngexesha elililo ibe yindawo oko kukuthi "ababhacayo" abantu. Ukugxothwa abantu eSoviet Union ku Kazakhstan, baqalisa kudala ngaphambi kwemfazwe. A Inani enkulu babegxothiwe bafika kummandla kwiriphabliki, ngo-1931 baza baba malunga 190 lamawaka. Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, apha kwakhona ekuthinjweni, kwakukho phantse ngokuphindwe kabini abaninzi, 360.000. Ekubeni Kazakhstan yaba yindawo yokuhlala yamaxhoba zocindezelo.

Uninzi abo beza apha yokuhlala isigxina, tywa abasebenzi kumashishini mveliso kunye neefama karhulumente. Kwakufuneka bahlala kwizindlu, Iiyurt kunye nezakhiwo zokwexeshana kwindawo evulekileyo.

Ukraine apha kwinkulungwane XIX. Kweli xesha eyandulela baba okukhulu. Emva kwemfazwe, inani Ukraine ingaphezulu kwe-100 amawaka abemi. Phakathi lwe kwakukho amanqindi usapho kunye OUN. Ngu 50 e Kazakhstan bokuqala baqalisa ukufika, nabo bekhululwe KarLag.

Oku waya babegxothiwe kunye Korean, nto leyo ngowe-1937 wakhululwa Far East. E Kazakhstan kwafika nezibonda abo babethunyiwe apha ngenxa isisongelo kwemfazwe yehlabathi, kanye ekupheleni 30. Xa kuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II weza Astana abameli ngakumbi le hlanga.

Emva kwemfazwe, kukho inani elikhulu kwamanye amazwe baqhubeka abeza kweli ndawo. Ukugxothwa kwizizwana yiSoviet Union e Kazakhstan kukhokelele kwinto yokuba indawo yalowo lizwe ukunika zonke izizwe abahlala kummandla eSoviet Union. Sele 1946, kuqhuba enye 100 lamawaka amaxhoba zocindezelo, ukuba abangama-500 amawaka bayagxothwa.

Uninzi abantu abangenayo bangxamele ukuhamba kuloo ndawo ubomi bakhe obutsha, nto leyo ingqalelo yokuphuma kunye kukwaphula umthetho mthetho. Zonke iintsuku ezintathu kwakufuneka ingxelo NKVD malunga naziphi na iziganeko ezibalulekileyo aqhubene ngamanani.

Eyona njongo ephambili yale kwenye kwakujongwa yokuhlala obungunaphakade kwintsimi yomnye umntu. Ukwenza isicwangciso enjalo, urhulumente waseSoviet wazama ukuba aqhube ukwayo okhohlakeleyo kwi violators. Ukuba kukho umntu ozama ukubaleka ukusuka kummandla yeendawo zokuhlala, oko nolwathi ukuya kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini yomsebenzi onzima.

Assistants aba bantu eyayibulindile impindezelo - entolongweni iminyaka ukuya ku-5. Umsebenzi ophambili we-elalisakuba yiSoviet yaba ukunciphisa umnqweno zinganakwa kwaye uzama ukuya ekhayeni lakhe.

Ngokutsho Uphando lwakutshanje, phezu lonke ixesha ukugxothwa ku Kazakhstan evela kwesigidi bedinga. Sele yee-50 apho kwakuhlala njengabaphambukeli kwezigidi ezibini.

Ngokuba yintoni?

Kuye kwabanjwa kwiminyaka embalwa ukugxothwa ezizweni USSR. Iifoto zeziganeko, nanamhla ukumela kwanokuqi- na amagunya. Bayahlelwa oonyana abantu izilima, kwaye akayi ixesha kungenelwa. Ngamnye kubo wayefuna ukubuyela ekhaya ukubuyisela umyalelo omdala yobomi. Abantu baye izama ukufumana ikhaya lakhe, intsapho yakhe kunye nolonwabo lwakhe.

ESoviet Union wazama ukuphelisa kuphela iintlanga lonke kunye namazwe azo, iilwimi, iinkcubeko nezithethe. Ukuba umntu zonke makayithabathe, ngoko uba umkhonzi ethobelayo ka-nkqubo yileyo. abantu lwe bahlupheka kakhulu umothuko engqondweni nasemzimbeni. Baye indlala kunye nabagulayo, bazama ukufumana ikhaya kwaye uphumle.

Emva kokufa kukaStalin, le meko waqala ukutshintsha ngokunxulumene abafudukayo, umgaqo-nkqubo kwimeko yesiqhelo, kodwa ukumisa isiphelo abantu Yayingekho. nakwizibetho zabo kunye ubomi baye nobutyobo ugwenxeke batshatyalaliswa.