Indima yebhayoloji yolo acid kanye izicelo zabo

Yintoni indima yebhayoloji yolo asidi acid? Masizame kunye ukufumana impendulo yalo mbuzo. Chonga iimpawu noshowo kwiklasi ye-oganikhi khompawundi, iimpawu zabo lwekhemikhali, intsimi engundoqo isicelo.

ulwazi zembali

Okokuqala acid evulekileyo acid glycine kwaba. 1820 godu zakhe kuhlelwe yi haydrolisis asidi gelatin. I kwakuthe acid acid ukwakhiwa kwemolekyuli protein kuphela phakathi kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, ke ngoko kutyhilwa acid acid - threonine.

nemisebenzi esisiseko

Okwangoku, kukho malunga 300 acid ukuba enze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo emzimbeni.

Yintoni indima ephambili yebhayoloji yolo asidi acid? Amashumi kubo ingqalelo eqhelekileyo (proteinogenic), ngenxa yokuba bayinxalenye undoqo iimolekyuli protein.

Ezi zinto ziyinxalenye iiprotheni ethile. Oksiprilin ngokusekelwe collagen, elastin kwakheka desmosine.

Iiplastiki intermediates kwiinkqubo metabolic. Injalo umsebenzi citrulline, ornithine.

Eziphilayo umsebenzi acid kwaye Yindibanisela nucleotides, polyamides. Le carbon chain imichiza esetyenziswa ukwenza ezinye izinto eziphilayo:

• Glucose ukuba kuhlelwe ukusuka acid glucogenic;
• Lipids zezilwanya iikhompawundi ketogenic.

Indima begazi ye asidi acid na ithuba ukusetyenziswa kwawo yokumisela amaqela ezisebenzayo. Cysteine isetyenziselwa ekuchongweni qela sulfate. Aspartate isetyenziswa ekuchongeni iqela acid le.

Iimpawu nokuhlelwa

Indlela ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo acid? Isakhiwo, Ukuhlelwa, indima ngokobugcisa ezi zihlanganisi zithathwa, nkqu kwikharityhulam khosi.

acid ezi yezabelo ye asidi carboxylic, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze enye hydrogen atom na indawo njengeqela acid.

Kuxhomekeka indawo zamaqela asebenzayo kwenye ezimbaxa kunokuba isomers eziliqela. Bemithi basebenzisa nokuhlelwa nje ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: olwamkelweyo, ezingenamsebenzi, ngendlela.

amagama engenamsebenzi ezi zihlanganisi zinxulunyaniswa umthombo bona bodwa kuzo. Serine yafakwa fibroin isilika, glutamine ufumaneka cereals gluten. Cystine isipho kwamatye kwisinyi.

igama inengqondo sinxulumana acid ithe carboxylic, kwaye basisishunqulelo esetyenziselwa yokucacisa indawo ngokulandelelana acid kwi molecule protein. Ngamachiza ezinto amagama ezingabalulekanga nezishunqulelo ezi zinto.

ngezigaba acid

Ukuze siqonde indima into yebhayoloji yolo acid kunye nesicelo babo, uya kuhlala phezu kuhlelwe ezi ntlobo ze-oganikhi khompawundi.

Okwangoku, iintlobo ezininzi yokuhlelwa:

• yi olukhulu;
• phezu degree of wokwephuka;
• of ezwi sazo emzimbeni.

Ngokutsho isakhiwo olukhulu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo acid idla organic chemistry.

Le khompawundi aliphatic anokuqulatha carboxyl elinye iqela acid, apho kunokwenzeka ukuba iikhompawundi monoaminokarbonovymi.

Xa amaqela amabini acid COOH kunye nezinto audio kuthiwa izinto monoaminodikarbonovymi.

Kwakhona cell diaminomonocarboxylic kunye nefom asidi acid diaminodikarbonovye.

Iintlobo Zijika ziyahluka nje kuphela inani imijikelo, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwawo qualitative.

Ngu Lehninger, acid yahlulwe kumaqela amane ngokungqinelana awohluke basabela njani hydrocarbon olukhulu ngamanzi:

• hydrophobic;
• esibamba;
• kakubi - icala;
• kakuhle-icala.

Kuxhomekeka ukukwazi nokulungelelanisa acid acid emzimbeni womntu cell ukuba kubalulekile (isenzo ngokutya), kunye neendidi interchangeable.

indima eziphilayo ze alpha-acid acid sele bungqinelwa imifuniselo esayensi.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Acid zisingathwa? Nokuhlelwa, iimpawu kunye nendima ngokobugcisa ezi zihlanganisi okunikelwa izidanga kwizikolo kuviwo karhulumente elimanyeneyo chemistry. Le asidi organic zikhawuleze enyibilikayo emanzini, babe ingongoma eliphezulu yokunyibilika.

umsebenzi wabo okubonakalayo ngenxa phambi kwesi molecule le carbon atom yezi (ngaphandle kuphela glycine). Kungenxa yoko le nto L- and D-stereoisomers ye-acid zifunyenwe.

Isomers ka L-series efumaneka kulwakhiwo protein yezilwanyana. Ixabiso ngokuba isalathiso hydrogen ezi zithako kuluhlu 5.5-7.

iipropati chemical

Cinga asidi ngaphezulu acid. Isakhiwo, imichiza Iipropati, iindima ngokobugcisa ezi zinto eziphilayo kufuneka ukwazi.

Ingakumbi iimpawu eekhemikhali asidi acid ilele mbini zabo. Isizathu Amphoteric kuba phambi amaqela amabini ezisebenzayo zezi organic asidi.

Ubukho qela carboxyl i COOH yenza ezi zinto zohlobo asidi. Bona lula kusabela kunye isinyithi esebenzayo, oxides esisiseko, kwealkali. Kwakhona iimpawu asidi ezi-oganikhi khompawundi iboniswe indlela esterification (kunye alkoholi ukwenza esters).

acid nayo iikhemikhali kusabela kunye neetyuwa lisekwa asidi kwezimbiwa buthathaka. Njengoko umzekelo yokusabela olunjalo kuqwalaselwa impefumlelwano acid kunye carbonates kunye bicarbonates.

Iimpawu eziphambili yale eklasini ukuze acid ubuchule asidi azithethelele nezinye ii-asidi kwi iqela acid le. Kulo ifomu ityuwa.

Indima bemvelo decarboxylation ye asidi acid zenze bume cala ekhuselekileyo ngokupheleleyo eziphilayo ophilayo.

Ninhydrin test uyakwazi ukubona acid in isisombululo. Kakuhle eli abasabela kukuba isicombululo ezingenambala of ninhydrin xa zidibene ne acid acid iya ngamafuphi kwi ngohlobo dimer ngokusebenzisa i-atom nitrogen leyo lwanamathela yi acid acid ahambelanayo.

Ebala ngenxa unalo sayingqombela nombala filoletovy Ukongeza, decarboxylation ye asidi acid kwenzeka, ebangela ukuba kusekwe ethile aldehyde kunye carbon monoxide (4).

Uqala ninhydrin isetyenziswa yi zebhayoloji ukuhlalutya isakhiwo iphambili iimolekyuli protein. Ngokutsho umbala ngobunzulu kungabonwa ubuninzi isiqulatho acid acid kwi isisombululo sokuqala, ngoko uhlalutyo efanayo ibalulekile xa ekuboneni acid acid.

ukusabela ezithile

Acid asidi ngaphandle carboxyl kunye acid amaqela, sinokuqulatha amaqela ezongezelelweyo olusebenzayo. Kuba nokuzimisela kwabo iilebhu zophando ukuphumeza ngayo qualitative.

Arginine bungabonakala kwi umxube ngokwenza qualitative Sakaguchi reaction (group guanidine on). Cysteine nga imiselwe Foll, zokukhankayiweyo SH-amaqela.

nitration (ksantoproteinovaya reaction) Reaction sikwazi ukuqinisekisa ubukho kwi umxube asidi acid enuka kamnandi. Millon abasabela ngayo ukuba efumanise iqela hydroxyl phezu ijikazi enuka kamnandi ngayo tyrosine.

Iimpawu ze iqhina peptide

Yini ephawula asidi sulphur acid? indima yabo lomzimba linxulunyaniswa ukuyilwa molecule peptides. In intsebenziswano phakathi zinemoletyhule ezininzi acid acid liyacandeka kude iimolekyuli zamanzi kunye iintsalela acid acid kusetyenziswa peptide (amide) bond ukwenza peptides.

Inani zeentsalela acid acid eyenza polypeptide utshintshatshintsha kakhulu. Abo peptides eziqulathe akukho iintsalela acid acid ngaphezu kweshumi, nezaziwa oligopeptides. Igama le khompawundi onesiphumo zidla abonisa inani zeentsalela acid acid.

Ukuba nokwakhiwa kwento equlathe iintsalela ngaphezu kweshumi asidi acid, le khompawundi ngokuba polypeptides. Kuba ezo zinto ezibandakanya ezo iintsalela phezu amahlanu acid acid, nemveliso Yindibanisela iproteni ekuthiwa.

Ngoko ke, lo glyukagen hormone, apho isakhiwo kukho 29 acid ukuba kubizwa ziinzululwazi hormone. iintsalela acid acid ukuqala monomers ingqalelo asidi eziphilayo apho akhiwa compound proteinaceous.

Intsalela acid acid ukuba kubhalwe kwi ekhohlo, abe iqela acid, ekuthiwa N-terminal Isiqwenga ukuba iqela carboxyl, ngokutsho C-terminal, oko kudla kwathiwa ngasekunene.

Xa eqamba kubangela polypeptide acid izifinyezo acid asetyenziswa, ukuba avele kuwo. Umzekelo, ukuba ukuhlangana kwakukho glycine, serine, alanine, tripeptide asuka uya kufunda glitsilserilalanin.

Ukubaluleka asidi ezithile acid

Glycine (aminoacetic acid) i ngumnikeli amaqhekeza carbon eziyimfuneko ukuze kwakhiwe haemoglobin, pyrrole, choline, nucleotides, kwakunye ukuba Yindibanisela creatine.

Serine eqhutywa ezinale enqanda. Le asidi acid iyafuneka ukulungiselela inkqubo yokuqaphela phosphoprotein (zendalo ubisi casein).

Glucogenic acid kwakufuneka ukwenza isakhiwo lesibini, neliphezulu molecule protini. Le ephindeneyo iqela kakhulu izidubuli esebenza, kangangokuba ubuncwane lula ivavanywa iinkqubo igcwala-unciphiso, ubophelela enzima njengoko iikhompawundi ezingenakunyibilika. Yaba yena okhonza nje ngegazi iqela sulfate, imfuno ngenxa Yindibanisela izinto nesalfure-equlethe.

isiphelo

acid ezi khompawundi amphoteric organic leyo zinokubaluleka eziphilayo. It acid iintsalela asidi inkqubo yokuqaphela ukwenza ulandelelwano apho isakhiwo ephambili iimolekyuli protein. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela ngqo emgceni amaqhekeza acid acid kuhlelwe protein ezithile ukuze yonke into ephilayo.