Zintoni iziphumo kaHameha Iminyaka iMfazwe (1337-1453)? Elikhulu Iminyaka War: izigaba kunye neziphumo

Yintoni ibe mbi ngakumbi imfazwe, xa iimfuno abezopolitiko kunye namandla amakhulu amawaka abantu bafe abadla. Yaye ingxabano embi ngakumbi elide emkhosini, apho abantu bafunda ukuba phila kwindawo apho ukufa kuwafumana nangaliphi na ixesha, yaye ubomi abuna- value. Kwaba kaHameha Iminyaka War, izizathu, izigaba, iziphumo kunye iibhayografi of abadlali leyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo.

izizathu

Phambi kokufunda, yintoni iziphumo kaHameha Iminyaka War, kufuneka ukuqonda indawo yayo. Yonke le nto yaqala nesibakala sokuba oonyana French uKumkani uFilipu yesine siye sashiya yindlalifa. Ngelo xesha yena ephila umzukulwana lokuzalwa intombi kumkani xa Isabella - IsiNgesi Korol Eduard isiThathu, weza etroneni iNgilane 1328 eneminyaka engama-16. Noko ke, yena nako ibango itrone eFransi, ngokuvumelana noMthetho Salic. Ngenxa yoko, eFransi ngukumkani ababekwe Valois emntwini uFilipu leSithandathu, lowo umtshana kaFilipu yesine, kunye Edward isiThathu ngo-1331 kwanyanzeleka ukuba waqubuda kuye ngenxa Gascony - ummandla French, sancokola impahla yakhe ngookumkani British.

Ukuqaleka kwayo kwinqanaba lokuqala zemfazwe (1337-1360)

kweminyaka 6 emva kokuba iziganeko ezichazwe Edward isiThathu wagqiba ukuba ukulwa elinde itrone uyisemkhulu, waza wathumela ngumngeni kuFilipu Indah. Ngoko ke waqalisa kaHameha Iminyaka War, izizathu kunye neziphumo zazo umdla omkhulu kwabo ukufunda imbali Europe. Emva kokuba isibhengezo yokulwa, British lasungula yosizi eyazalwa, apho inkxaso abantu eFlanders nomzantsi-ntshona counties feudal waseFransi.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala emva ekuqaleni imfazwe, umlo waya ezishiyanayo impumelelo, kude kube ngo-1340 akukho idabi yomkhosi e Sluis. Ngenxa uloyiso i IsiNgesi Channel waba phantsi kolawulo lwabo, wahlala njalo de kwasekupheleni kwemfazwe. Ngenxa yoko, ngehlobo lowe-1346, akukho nto ukuthintela abendlu Edward isiThathu ukuwela lexinene basithimba Caen. Ukusuka apho, umkhosi waseBritani kwalandelwa Crécy, apho ngoAgasti 26, idabi odumileyo, nto leyo yaphelela ngoloyiso, yaye ngo-1347 ukuba wasithimba ke eso sixeko kunye Calais. Ngaxeshanye kunye ezi ziganeko isenzeka inyathelo emkhosini eSkotlani. Noko ke, ukuma waqhubeka encuma ku Edward isiThathu, lowo woyisa umkhosi ubukumkani Idabi Cross Neville kaThixo, la mazwe isisongelo lemfazwe miba mibini.

Ubhubhane lwesibetho, nowokupheliswa uxolo Bretigny

Kwiminyaka 1346-1351 aseYurophu watyelela "Black Death." Le isibetho bhubhane kwabulawa abaninzi kangaka, akungekhe kubekho umbuzo sokuqhubeka impi. Eyona nto iyimbalasane kuphela kweli thuba, iibhaladi sung, waba kwinkxalabo amathathu, xa IsiNgesi kunye kartel French kunye squires abaqalise zokucwangcisa abaninzi, kweliso abalimi amakhulu aliqela. Emva kokuphela isibetho eNgilani waphinda imisebenzi yayo emkhosini, ezilungiselelwe becala Black Prince - unyana omdala Edward III. Ngowe-1356, waphumelela iimviwo imfazwe Poitiers waza wasithimba French uKumkani John II. Kamva, ngowe-1360, i-Dauphin waseFransi, lowo owayeza kuba uKumkani uCharles i Okwesihlanu, zisayinwe ekuthiwa-Nokuthula Bretigny kwi iimeko ezimbi kakhulu.

Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo kaHameha Iminyaka War sikwinqanaba lokuqala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• IFrance abatyhafileyo ngokupheleleyo;
• ENgilani ufumene isiqingatha UBrittany, Aquitaine, Poitiers, Calais, kwaye phantse isiqingatha ingumbuso ilifa lotshaba, ie, John II baphelelwe ngamandla ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu ummandla wayo;
• Eduard wesithathu aya egameni layo kunye egameni inzala yabo bangabi bango kwetrone utatomkhulu wakhe;
• unyana wesibini ka II John - Lyudovik Anzhuysky - wathunyelwa eMonti njenge bathinjwa sisananelo ukubuya eFransi kayise.

Uxolo phakathi kweminyaka 1360 ukuya 1369

Emva kokuba yokuyekwa impi, zizizwe zala mazwe abathatha inxaxheba kungquzulwano, ndafumana ikhefu lweminyaka-9. Ngeli xesha, ekubalekeni kwakhe eNgilani Lyudovik Anzhuysky, noyise, ukuba knight, uyaligcina ilizwi lakhe, waya ekuthinjweni ngokuzithandela, apho wafela khona. Emva kokufa kwakhe, wanyukela itrone eFransi, uCharles V, owathi ngo-1369 watyholwa amaNgesi ukwaphula umthetho isivumelwano uxolo iqalise ukusebenza emkhosini nxamnye nabo.

umlenze yesibini

Ngokuqhelekileyo, abo bafunda inkqubela kunye neziphumo yiMfazwe Kwiminyaka Elikhulu ', luphawulwa kwexesha lekhefu phakathi kweminyaka 1369 no 1396, njengoko uthotho amadabi rhoqo, nto leyo ukongeza nxaxheba engundoqo nayo inxaxheba ebukumkanini Castile, Portugal kunye eSkotlani. Ngeli xesha, kwakukho iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zilandelayo:

• ngo-1370 e Castile ngoncedo i-French weza amandla, Enrique II, owaba ezihlanganisa wabo othembekileyo;
• Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, wakhululwa e Poitiers;
• ngo-1372 kwi-Battle of La Rochelle, imikhumbi Franco-isiCastilian woyisa butho ahlangeneyo British;
• kweminyaka 4 Wafa Black Prince;
• ngo-1377 Edward wafa wesithathu nangomhla etroneni eNgilani, uRichard owesibini minor;
• ukususela 1392 kwi-King of France iimpawu impambano yaqala ukuze babonwe;
• kweminyaka emine kamva i ukuxolelana yagqitywa, zibangelwa kwi ntshaba frazzled.

Kuthula (1396-1415)

Xa lamalela uKumkani uCharles leSithandathu waba sobala kubo bonke abantu kweli lizwe yaqala zembujiswano ingxabano, apho iqela iphumelele Armagnac. Le meko akukho ngcono eNgilani, wangena imfazwe entsha eSkotlani, apho bekumele iyamcamagusha abavukeli Ireland naseWales. Ukongeza, kukho zabhukuqwa Richard II, uHenry IV waba ngukumkani phezu kwetrone, waza ke unyana wakhe. Ngenxa yoko, ukuya ku 1415, omabini amazwe abazange bakwazi ukuqhubeka imfazwe ibe kwimo sokubeka exhobileyo.

Isigaba sesithathu (1415-1428)

Abo yokufunda ikhosi kunye neziphumo kaHameha Iminyaka War, nto idla ngokuba siganeko umdla ebizwa ngokuba ukuvela into yezembali ezifana njengegorha ibhinqa laba yintloko yomkhosi kartel wobukhosi. Sithetha Joan of Arc, owazalelwa 1412, ngomhla ukuyilwa ubuntu iphenjelelwa kakhulu nophuhliso kule minyaka 1415-1428. inzululwazi Historical ingqalelo eli thuba, isigaba sesithathu kaHameha Iminyaka War, yaye njengoko iimbalasane ezingundoqo ezi ziganeko zilandelayo:

• Battle of Agincourt ngo-1415, apho waphumelela Henry the wesihlanu;
• kokusayina isivumelwano e Troyes, ngokwendlela apho ziyageza Korol Karl VI wathi ezihlangwini zakhe ukumkani England;
• capture British of Paris ngo-1421;
• ukufa uHenry Okwesihlanu, kwaye isaziso unyana wayo oneminyaka ubudala yokumkani of England France;
• abhubhe yangaphambili Dauphin Charles, lowo inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-French ingqalelo ukumkani, emfazweni of cravant;
• IsiNgesi Ukungqingwa Orleans, eyaqala ngo-1428, ngexesha apho ihlabathi yokuqala beva igama Joan of Arc.

Ukuphela kwemfazwe (1428-1453)

City of Orleans waba kubaluleke kakhulu zeqhinga. Ukuba British likwazile bayithimba, impendulo yombuzo "yintoni na iziphumo yiMfazwe Kwiminyaka Elikhulu '" kwakuya ohluke kakhulu, kwaye French sisenokude siphelelwe ukuzimela yayo. Ngethamsanqa lizwe, yatyhilwa intombazana, embiza ngokwayo Jeanne Virgin. Yena weza Dauphin Charles ngoMatshi 1429 yaye isaziso sokuba uYehova abemwisele umthetho ukuba eme intloko French amajoni, kwaye irhoxe ka Orleans. Emva uthotho nangama iimvavanyo uKarl bakholwa kuye waza wammisa, umphathi-mkhosi wakhe. Ngenxa yoko, Meyi 8 Orleans wahlangulwa, June 18, umkhosi woyisa umkhosi Joan i IsiNgesi kwi Idabi Pathé, nangoJuni 29 kule ukunyanzelisa lentombi ka Orleans waqalisa 'iphulo kwegazi "Dauphin ku saseReims. Apho, yena isithsaba uCharles i seSixhenxe, kodwa kungekudala emva koko wayeka ukuphulaphula icebiso iqhawe.

kweminyaka eliqela kamva, uJeanne yathinjwa Burgundians, ophumelele intombazana IsiNgesi, nabo yakhe babulawa ngezityholo qhekeko kunye zithixo. Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo yiMfazwe Kwiminyaka Elikhulu 'liye ekufanele bayifumane, nkqu nokufa intombi ka Orleans ayikwazanga kuthintela nokukhululwa France. imfazwe yokugqibela kule mfazwe yaba idabi Castillon ngo-1453, xa amaBritane waphulukana Gascony bobabo kubo iminyaka engaphezu kwama-250.

Iziphumo yiMfazwe Kwiminyaka Elikhulu '(1337-1453)

Ngenxa yoko le elide ungquzulwano mezhdinasticheskogo axhobileyo eNgilani waphulukana yonke imimandla yayo yelizwekazi eFransi, eshiya kuphela kwizibuko Calais. Ukongeza, xa ephendula umbuzo malunga yintoni isiphumo yiMfazwe Kwiminyaka Elikhulu ', entsimini leengcali nembali yamajoni ukuphendula ukuba kwayo, ngokupheleleyo lwatshintsha iindlela imfazwe, kwakunye zadalwa izixhobo ezitsha.

Imiphumo yiMfazwe Kwiminyaka Elikhulu '

Ntlokoma imfazwe kumiselwa ukuzalana iBritani France ngenkulungwane phambili. Ngokukodwa, ukuya ku 1801 amaNgesi emva koko ngookumkani of Great Britain wazala isihloko ookumkani eFransi, apho kungekho ndlela negalelo ekusekweni nobuhlobo.

Ngoku uyazi xa kaHameha Iminyaka War, izizathu, kakade, kunye nesiphumo bayakunceda aku- ogama phantse 6 iinkulungwane efanele mbali abaninzi.