Ivan Fedorov - onguvulindlela: ngobomi yomntu omkhulu

A isiganeko ebalulekileyo kwimbali Russian nehlabathi kukuyilwa lokushicilela. In Russia le ezintsha iye kufika kule ndawo kwenkulungwane ye-16. Omnye ntliziyo, ogama lakhe linxulunyaniswa nokufika yokushicilela izihlandlo Ivana Groznogo, ethandwa ngabantu abaninzi abadumileyo Ivan Fedorov. Eqhelekileyo nje kuphela abantu abadala kunye nabantu enakhanyiselwa ngayo ibali lo mntu. Biography Ivana Fedorova - nguvulindlela - abantwana lufumaneka ukufunda esikolweni.

Njani ukuba kwaqala?

Umntu ngamnye umlando ngumgca umdla yaye unique lwekamva labo. Ubomi ngamanye amaxesha nikana amathuba engalindelekanga. Wonke wakubona oku. Kakade ke, akukho ngaphandle - kwaye nguvulindlela kummandla yazo Russian.

Biography Ivana Fedorova - onguvulindlela - ekuqaleni nesiko. Isakhelo ngokwezibalo wakhe uluhlu wokuzalwa ukususela 1510 ukuya kwiminyaka-1530. Isimanga, ayizange sisinde inkcazelo enokuthenjwa apho wazalelwa waza wachitha nguvulindlela bakhe ebuntwaneni. Kodwa ke, ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kwenzeka kwiphondo ukulungela ukusebenza. Gcina ulwazi malunga koko, waba umdikoni webandla Nikoly Gostunskogo. Uye zokufunda ezifundiswe nokubhala, kwakunye ababingeleli abaninzi amabandla. Sele 1532 waphumelela Cracow University. Oku kungqinwa yinto yokuba vulindlela kwakufuneka isidanga sedigri.

enkonzweni

Ngenxa yomsebenzi idibene Metropolitan Macarius uvulindlela Ivan Fyodorov. biography elifutshane uthi, mhlawumbi, le nto eyabangela into yokuba kungekudala le tsar yokuqala Russian ukuba Fedorov ndiyaniyaleza ngumbandela obalulekileyo efana epapashe incwadi yokuqala - ". Umpostile"

Njengoko yaziwa, Makarios wayesondele Ivan abangcangcazelisi, waza wabona umfana ekwaziyo, kunganegalelo isiphelo sayo.

Ngokomyalelo wokumkani kwi 1550s oko yaqala ukusebenza ngomhla kuphuhliso indlu yokuqala wokushicilela eMoscow. Abakhethiweyo iifonti kunye nezinye izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukusebenza baprintayo. Ekuqaleni, amashishini abo engaziwa. Kodwa ke loo nto yaba eqhelekileyo.

Ukuzalwa iincwadi zokuqala Russian - "Umpostile"

Biography Ivana Fedorova, uvulindlela, abantwana zilungiswe ikakhulu ubalisa ibali ukudalwa iincwadi zokuqala eprintiweyo. Ngowe-1564 wapapasha wokuqala incwadi eshicilelweyo Russian ngolwimi Slavic - ". Umpostile" Indima ebonakalayo imbonakalo yawo wathabatha Ivan Fyodorov kunye nomncedisi wakhe - Peter Mstislavets kunye Marusha Nerefev. Amalungiselelo esi siganeko lwaqhutywa malunga nonyaka. Ukugcwalisa impumelelo esiphawuliweyo, njengoko esi sihlandlo uYesu ngakumbi iincwadi lwangaphambili kwiimpawu zazo. Lo msebenzi wamkela intsikelelo ka-Metropolitan Macarius, kodwa ngelishwa, Macarius angazange ngelo xesha, ndakuba ndizile phandle, "Umpostile."
Nantso into edumileyo Ivan Fedorov - nguvulindlela. Biography abantwana, oko kwenzeka kuphela buyayomeleza ingqalelo kulo.

Kakade ke, sonke kwincwadi enye akayeki apho. Yazo ifumene ngokuya kabanzi. Ngowe-1565, ngokuyalelwa Ivana Groznogo kwafuneka ukukhulula enye incwadi zonqulo ebizwa ngokuba "Book of Iiyure". Ezi ukwenza uPetros Mstislavets kunye Ivan Fedorov (uvulindlela). Biography ibonisa ukuba iikopi ezimbini ezenziwa. Kamva, kwaba yinzuzo enkulu kuluntu. Kwatywinwa imithandazo ezahlukeneyo kunye neengoma. Ngokuba ukuba enze umsitho ebandleni imihla ngemihla. Kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba kuye waqala ukufundisa ukufunda.

Ku xanisiwa ka abashicileli yokuqala

Kodwa ke imeko ziye mandundu. Abantu abaninzi abazange uphuhliso inzuzo yokushicilela. , Kwaabo bathabatha ubalo Okokuqala, owathi, enyanisweni, waphelelwa ngumsebenzi wakhe, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ingeniso yabo yemali. Kwakhona ungonwabi aba iyaxela eliphezulu labantu, woyikela ukuba ukuphuculwa kwemfundo kawonke kamva kunokukhokelela yokuba ziya kuphulukana amalungelo abo. Abantu esichengeni kuvela iingcamango eza kunceda ukuba amalungiselelo imvukelo nxamnye amagosa karhulumente, abanini, abefundisi kunye njalo njalo. Kukho uluvo lokuba-ngqangi, njengoko lo msebenzi onzima yomntu othile, umphefumlo yayityalwe. A print phezu koomatshini lungazaliyo propati, kwaye kuthathwa njengento engcolileyo. Biography Ivan Fedorov -pervopechatnika - isixelela indawo onzima inkokeli.

Okwakhokelela kukwayo ngumlilo ezenzeka 1566 endlwini yoshicilelo. Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi ubuvulindlela yazo kwabonakala qhekeko. Emva kwesi siganeko, kwagqitywa ukuba umshicileli yokuqala, kuquka uPetros Mstislavets kunye Ivan Fyodorov, kufuneka uye Lithuania.

Imisebenzi e Lithuania

E Zabludovo, estate Hetman Chodkiewicz, yokushicilela kwahlelwa. Incwadi yokuqala eyapapashwa ekukhanyeni le umatshini wokushicilela, waba 'ukufundisa ivangeli. " Emva koko, le ncwadi igama Zabludovskii. Esi siganeko senzeke ngo-1568-1569, ngokulandelelana. Kwakhona, umsebenzi kwakhokelela yonke enye umshicileli yokuqala. Kodwa ke ngakumbi imisebenzi aba bantu wakhululwa. Njengoko kuchaziwe yi kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane Ivan Fedorov, umshicileli yokuqala, kuhlala kwaye iyaqhubeka ukusebenza Zabludovo. Kwakhona uPetros Mstislavets wathumela Vilna. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi Zabludovo Ivanom Fedorovym wadala ethi "Psalter kunye Chasoslovtsem".

Kodwa apha ukudalelwa thaca esinye isabelo mnandi, eyayijonge Ivan Fedorov (uvulindlela). Biography ufunda. Khodasevich ngenxa yokwaluphala, ukungafuni ukuba bathathe inxaxheba nokucwangciswa Mint, ukunqongophala isixa esikhulu semali wagqiba ekubeni ayeke ukusebenza yoshicilelo le. Khodasevich inikeza ukwenza ukufama Ivan Fedorov, kodwa akavumi, ngokuba iqwalasela lulodwa enzelwe umsebenzi. Lowo ushiya Zabludovo ukuya 1573.

Ukuya emzini

biography elifutshane Ivana Fedorova, umshicileli yokuqala ibonisa ukuba kuphela ukuthwala zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukusebenza lokushicilela. Apha le ndoda ingumnini wefowuni yakwazi ukucwangcisa eyakho cofa zayo wokushicilela. Umsebenzi uye kwakhona, kwaye ngo-1574 wapapasha incwadi yokuqala eshicilelwe Ukraine - "The Umpostile", igama elifanayo kunye umzekelo eMoscow. Ngokutsho isiqulatho ngayo kwakhona efanayo naleyo wakhululwa emva ngo-1564. Noko ke, nantsi ke wongezelela into. Umzekelo, ezimbalwa iindinyana xingheniso. Ekupheleni ndicinge kwakuhlaziya PostScript umdla loo mntu Ivan Fedorov-nguvulindlela. Biography ukugcina imigca: "Eli bali libonisa ukuqala nendlela ukudala le ndlu yoshicilelo apho." Kwaba isihloko UYobi. Ubunzima Ivan Fedorov wenza malunga namawaka editions "Umpostile". Oku kwakuthetha ukuba umatshini wokushicilela laphuhliswa kuphela eRashiya kodwa kummandla Ukraine yanamhlanje.

Ngowe-1574 wapapasha "ABC" kwi yoshicilelo Ivana Fedorova - i-East Slavic incwadi yokuqala, oko sikuvileyo. Iincwadi ayemancinane ngobukhulu kwaye ziqulathe konke okuyimfuneko ukuze isifundo ukufunda nokubhala.

Ostrog Bible

Ngaphezu koko kukho isiganeko elilandelayo. Ngowe-1575, wamkela isimemo esivela Konstantina Konstantinovicha Ostrozhskogo Ivan Fedorov-nguvulindlela. Biography of Prince umbiza enye abantu izityebi ngurhulumente Polish-Lithuanian. Kukho isindululo amalungiselelo umatshini wokushicilela omtsha entolongweni Volyn, okt ilifa Konstantina Ostrozhskogo. Liyakuhlala abayinyamekelayo kuphuhliso yenzululwazi kunye nemfundo kumazwe abo. Kukho nokuba isikolo Orthodox walungiswa. Ngowe-1578 wapapasha elinye "ABC", kuba yena waba nguvulindlela uxanduva Ivan Fyodorov. biography emfutshane uthi ukuba unyaka phambi kokuqala komsebenzi phezu odumileyo "Bible", eyapapashwa ngo-1580
Okuxabiseke kubalulekile ukuba lo wokuqala kupapashwa ngokupheleleyo iBhayibhile, kubhaliwe Old Church Slavonic.

longele yokuphila

Ngowe-1582, uvulindlela Ivan Fedorov eLviv wabuyela iintsapho zabo. Ufuna ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe. Ukanti kuqaliswe isicwangciso lutshitshe. Ngowe-1583, walishiya eli hlabathi. Yena wangcwatyelwa weemonki St. Onufrievskom, wayibeka phezu slab engcwabeni kunye nombhalo "drukar (t. E. Printer) neencwadi phambi kokuba ezingabonwayo." Oku isihloko loovimba i Ivan Fedorov - nguvulindlela.

Biography abantwana kunye nabantu abadala iphelile. Ukukhunjulwa enkulu incwadi-umshicileli agcinwe ngokusisigxina kwimbali Russian.