YaseSachsenhausen - kwinkampu yoxinaniso. Imbali, inkcazo. mthetho lwamaNazi

Ngaba wakha wambona i yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso)? Yintoni na? Ngubani na odale oko? Ngale mibuzo neminye uya kufumana iimpendulo kwinqaku. YaseSachsenhausen i kwinkampu yoxinaniso yi lwamaNazi. Wanikwa eJamani, kufutshane nedolophu Oranienburg. Ngowe-1945, 22 Epreli, wakhululwa amabutho yiSoviet. Ngaphambi 1950, le ndawo yaba inkampu transit abantu abangenamakhaya le NKVD.

indaba

YaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso) yasekwa ngowe-1936, ngoJulayi. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, inani lamabanjwa equlethwe kuwo, ukuya ku 60 000. Ngomhla kummandla le mveliso sokufa zabulala ngendlela ezahlukeneyo 100 000 amabanjwa.

Kukho okulungiswe perepodgotavlivalis "kwamajoni" kuba kwiinkampu esele zisungulwe kunye elitsha elisekiweyo. Malunga yaseSachsenhausen ukususela ngoAgasti 2, 1936 wagcinwa ikomkhulu "kwiinkampu zoxinaniso Uhlolo", nto leyo ngoMatshi 1942 waba lilungu leqela eSungulayo D (kwinkampu yoxinaniso) Main kwezoqoqosho-yezolawulo SS umzimba.

YaseSachsenhausen - kwinkampu yoxinaniso, apho iKomiti counter komhlaba yamiselwa, nto leyo ilungelelanise olunzulu, umbutho omkhulu conspiratorial amabanjwa. AmaGestapo ihenyukazi alifumaneki. Komhlaba ekhokelwa Jikelele uAleksandr Semonovich Zotov.

Ngowe-1945, 21 Epreli, wanikwa ukuze uqalise uhambo ukufa. AmaNazi izicwangciso kubantu abangaphezu kwe-30 amawaka amabanjwa izintlu zabantu 500 ukugibisela kwiBaltic Sea Riviera sibekwe amaphenyane. Babefuna inkundla ukuba arhoxe kude elunxwemeni kurhaxwa. abantu badiniwe umva ezisendleleni adubula. Ngoko, kwi Mecklenburg emahlathini kufuphi Belova amabanjwa amakhulu eziliqela babulawa. Olucwangcisiweyo ukumiswa mass kwabakhonkxiweyo, Noko ke, ayikwazanga ukusebenza, ekubeni kwafika uncedo, amabutho Soviet. Baba ekuqaleni Meyi 1945 wakhulula abantu ezisendleleni.

G. N. Van der Bel (yaseSachsenhausen ibanjwa phantsi inombolo 38190) wabhala ukuba 26 000 amabanjwa ngoAprili 20 washiya enkampini ebusuku. Nantso into baqala hambo leyo. Kakade ke, ekuqaleni bafumana inqwelo kunye nomhlambi iphuma izigulane esibhedlela.

Malunga nesiqingatha amabanjwa inxaxheba kolu hambo ukufa okanye babulawa apha endleleni, okanye wafa. Kodwa wasinda amangqina. iiyunithi Advanced amabutho yiSoviet ngo-1945, Aprili 22, wangena yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso), ngelo xesha ke malunga 3,000 amabanjwa.

"A" Tower

Ngoko ke, siya kuqhubeka sihlola yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso). Tower "A" - ntoni na? It ELECTROPULT leyo isasaze ngoku isicelo ngocingo oluhlabayo nenethi eliqinileyo kwenkampu unxantathu omkhulu. Le nqaba iphinde kwingqwayi amalungiselelo kunye CAT yaseSachsenhausen. Kwi emasangweni kubhalwe ibinzana yokugxeka Arbeit macht ezamahala ( «Umsebenzi uthe wanikhulula"). inkampu Lulonke uxinzelelo waba elinethoba ezinde, Kuphendula nommandla wayo kuzo.

Platz kuhlola

ezimbi kakhulu yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso). Imbali ibonisa ukuba kule ndawo kwabakho uhlolo umngcelele-phantsi. Phezu kwayo kathathu ngemini olwenziwe kubizwe amagama. Ukuba kukho zokuphuma enkampini, amabanjwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba eme phantsi emhlabeni ekundleni gama njengokuba awukafikeleli obhadubhadulayo. Kule ndawo kwakhona yaqhutywa babulawelwa - apho ema.

station Z

Kwakubonakala ngathi yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso)? inokufumaneka iifoto yalo iziko naziphi na iincwadi weendawo. Bayakwazi ukubona Z station - isakhiwo iqhele ngaphandle ummandla kwinkampu yoxinaniso. Ukuba lwenziwa kutshabalaliso.

Esi sakhiwo yabekwa isixhobo ngawo umxhomi wadutyulwa entloko, egumbini igesi, eyakhiwa ngo-1943, kwaye izidumbu ibandakanya amaziko amane. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu zothutho waya ngqo apho ngaphandle kokuya ngokubhalisa kwinkampu yoxinaniso. Kungenxa yoko le nto umntu akakwazi ukuqinisekisa elona nani labantu owabulawa apha.

test Ezinzulwini

Ehlabathini ekundleni iposwe umkhondo evela Ipeyinti ezisithoba ezahlukeneyo, apho amaNazi zaveliswa ngenxa izihlangu zovavanyo. amabanjwa Daily ezikhethiweyo kuwo baboyisa sorokakilometrovye imigama ngezantya ezahlukeneyo. Olu vavanyo ngo-1944, i-SS esintsonkothileyo. Anyanzela abantu ukuba banxibe izihlangu ukuthwala iingxowa ezincinane ezilishumi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha neekhilogram ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Amabanjwa wagwetywa izihlangu kwekhwalithi ixesha ukusuka kwinyanga enye ukuya kunyaka omnye. Ukuba umntu enze isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho ingakumbi kakhulu, ukuba unikwe isigwebo elingenammiselo.

Ezi macala ingqalelo ngabom, ukubaleka, kwakhona azame okusindileyo, utyelelo kwenye enqabeni yomkhosi, ukwakha ngabom, izithuba zonyuselo of zidlulisele amazwe, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana (art. 176), ukuhenyuza zobufanasini, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo okanye ukunyanzela amadoda namabhinqa iqela eliyintloko ukuba ubufanasini, izenzo zobufanasini ezenziwe yi abantu bevumelana yindoda nebhinqa. Alalanayo, owafika eSachsenhausen, isohlwayo ongunaphakade kwaoko (Amanqaku 175 kunye 175a).

yegumbi esibhedlela

YaseSachsenhausen - kwinkampu yoxinaniso, apho imifuniselo zonyango bathwalwa ngaphandle emanyumnyezi. Le into ikhutshwa kumaziko ezempilo eJamani izinto umboniso yokwakheka.

Okwabangela sokubulala

Edume kakhulu yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso)? Uluhlu amabanjwa bukhulu bona. Le mveliso nokufa mayixhotyiswe ebizwa ngokuba yi-ukudubula igalari, ezigcinwa kuyo, umthi imishini kunye strelbischnym shaft. LaseGallows yafakwa nge ndzhendzheleko eli banjwa intloko ibhokisi apho ukufaka iinyawo zakhe. Enyanisweni, ixhoba solulelwe, hayi wamxhoma. AmaGestapo belisebenzisa njengetekeni, abaqhuba ukudubula.

isakhiwo ejele

Le nkampu amaGestapo entolongweni kunye Tselenbau kwakhiwa ngo-1936. Zinelungelo T-imilo. amabanjwa Special zigcinwa yedwa asibhozo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Jikelele Stefan Grot-Stefan Rowecki - alimwi yokuqala Ekhaya Army. Yena wadutyulwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso emva kokuqalisa Warsaw Uprising.

Abantu abaninzi baphilela yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso). Bandera Stepan Taras Bulba-Borovets kunye nezinye iinkokheli nabanye intshukumo wesizwe Ukraine ziye zagqiba kule ntolongo. Abanye babo baseJamani wakhululwa ngasekupheleni 1944.

Kwabakho ogqunywe ekuthinjweni kunye nomfundisi Nemoller. Kule emhadini ziqulathe nabanye ababingeleli (imiphefumlo malunga 600), amagosa aphezulu emkhosini, amanani ezahlukeneyo yezopolitiko, kwakunye namalungu yintshukumo yabasebenzi evela eFransi, eNetherlands, Poland, Hungary, eCzechoslovakia, eJamani, kweUSSR kunye Luxembourg.

Namhlanje, iphiko yonke lasekhohlo kuphela entolongweni nasemagumbini ezintlanu nto leyo umboniso osisigxina kwexesha National Socialist. Uxelela malunga nemisebenzi yale mveliso ukufa. Kwezinye amagumbi ezinye (General Grot-Stefan Rowecki) imvelaphi inyuselwa khona amabanjwa umonakalo eminqubeni.

NKVD inkampu ekhethekileyo

Ngowe-1945, ngo-Agasti, watshintshelwa yaseSachsenhausen "inombolo inkampu Special 7" le NKVD. Ezi babekwa Ababesakuba ngamabanjwa emfazwe. Baye bangabemi Soviet, kulindeleke ukuba babuyele USSR, i Democrats Social, aneliseke wamaKomanisi-yobusoshiyali inkqubo loluntu, babesakuba ngamalungu yamaNazi, kwakunye babesakuba amagosa isiJamani "Wehrmacht" basemzini. Ngowe-1948, esi sakhiwo labizwa ngokuba "inkampu inani Special 1". Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho inkulu inkampu ezithathu ezikhethekileyo, leyo kunegama livalelwe kwindawo yiSoviet bahlala khona. Kuye yavalwa ngo-1950.

Eli ziko lweminyaka-5 kuphela ubudala. Kodwa ngeli thuba ngayo ikwazile ukuba 60,000 amabanjwa yiSoviet emfazwe, apho ukususela ukudinwa nendlala ngoxa evalelwe wafa imiphefumlo engathi 12 amawaka.

amaqela amabanjwa

Namhlanje kunzima ukuba abantu bakhumbule yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso). Uluhlu amabanjwa likhulu. Ngoku ke masikuchazele malunga amaqela amabanjwa. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, eSachsenhausen media pink triangle baba, phakathi kwabanye. Kweli thuba ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya kwinkampu yoxinaniso ngowe-1943, yaza yabulala abameli 600 of bambalwa ngokwesini. Ukususela ngowe-1943, amadoda gay becala wasebenza abongikazi kwisibhedlele nkampu kunye noogqirha. Emva baba zobufanasini abaninzi amabanjwa lokusinda imfazwe, urhulumente waseJamani zange ihlawule.

yaseSachsenhausen namhlanje

urhulumente GDR ngo-1956 wamisa inkampu yoxinaniso kummandla sisikhumbuzo zesizwe, leyo sivulwe 1961, ngowe-23 Apreli. Le ke urhulumente wayecebe yokudiliza isabelo ingonyama ngayo izakhiwo original kwaye ufake umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, i obelisk, ukudala indawo iintlanganiso. Indima ngokugqithiseleyo wagxininisa aphikisayo nebonakalayo xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela.

Namhlanje yaseSachsenhausen iyimyuziyam kunye nesikhumbuzo. indawo zawo zibhenqekile na eluntwini. izakhiwo eziliqela izakhiwo aye alondolozwa kwaye ziye ngokutsha: amasango kwinkampu yoxinaniso, iimboniselo, enqabeni yomkhosi inkampu (kwi inxalenye yamaYuda) kunye eziontini izidumbu.

In memory of lababuleweyo lifanasini kwinkampu uqweqwe zokubhiyizela yatyhilwa ngo-1992. KwiMyuziyam ngo-1998, kwabakho umboniso eyahlulelwe ukuba ngamaNgqina kaYehova - amabanjwa yaseSachsenhausen.

amabanjwa eziphawulekayo

Baninzi ngakumbi elinokubaliswa malunga yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso). Izintlu amabanjwa zokufunda kwakhe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Amabanjwa edume kulo mzi-mveliso yokufa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• UNyana I. V. Stalina - Dzhugashvili uYakobi. clock idubule ngo-1943, Aprili 14, lilinge zokwalatha kwi ukubaleka.
• Stepan Bandera - inkokeli bezwe Ukrainian. Olwenziwa ngurhulumente waseJamani.
• Jaroslav Stetsko - inkokheli bezwe Ukrainian. Ukhululwe ngabasemagunyeni waseJamani.
• Dmitriy Mihaylovich Karbyshev - bethinjiwe Red Army jikelele. Watshintshelwa eMauthausen, apho wafela khona.
• Lambert Horn - yobukomanisi, German nani yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko. Wafa wegazi.
• Fritz Thyssen - usomashishini German kunye wezopolitiko, intloko corporation ngentsimbi. Watshintshelwa yaseBuchenwald.
• Aleksandr Semonovich Zotov - Jikelele, awonisa eminqubeni ngokufihlakeleyo.
• Jurek Becker - umbhali German kunye screenwriter, waba kwinkampu kancinane, kunye nomama wakhe.
• Max Lademann - kwezentlalo nezopolitiko itshantliziyo waseJamani, wamaKomanisi, revolution.
• Lothar Erdmann - Social Democrat, intatheli waseJamani.

commandants kwiinkampu zoxinaniso

Kwingqwayi-yaseSachsenhausen uKarl Otto Goch (Julayi 1936 - Julayi 1937), nama- Helvig (Agasti 1937 - 1938), kaHermann Baranowski (1938 - Septemba 1939), Walter Eisfeld (Septemba 1939 - Matshi 1940), Hans Loritz (April 1940 - August 1942), Anton Kaindl (Agasti 31, 1942 - April 22, 1945).

Indlela eya yaseSachsenhausen

Abaninzi umdla ukubona yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso). Indlela ukuya okufa? Kuyimfuneko ukuba Berlin Station Central drive kwicala ukuya kwisikhululo Brandenburg Oranienburg sikaloliwe ipoma (S-Bahn). Uhambo ithatha imizuzu engama-45.

Xa sele kufika Oranienburg (indawo yokugcina), kufuneka ndihambe yaseSachsenhausen 3 km (hamba kuthatha imizuzu engama-20) okanye uthathe naye ebhasini. Umnyango myuziyam ukhululekile. Apha uyakwazi ukuthenga i-sikhokelo odiyo. Xa ufuna isikhokelo, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba babuthe iqela (ubuncinane abantu abali-15) ngasinye kufuneka ahlawule 1 euro. ukhenketho Kukho zinikelwe kuzo zonke iilwimi.

abaninzi iphaphazela moya eRussia kuya Berlin. Ungafumana ulwazi malunga moya cheap eJamani. Kwakhona ku eBerlin evela eMoscow kwisikhululo sikaloliwe Belarusian linokufikeleleka ngololiwe, enqamleza ezimbalwa ngeveki. ixesha ezinika uvela iiyure 26 ukuya 29.

olunye ulwazi

Abantu abaninzi beza lihlwili yaseSachsenhausen (kwinkampu yoxinaniso). Stalin ayaba nako ukumhlangula kuye unyana wakhe. Blokfyurery ekhokelwa kwingqwayi kwinkampu yoxinaniso bakhuphisana ekuphuculeni izixhobo zokufa. Njengoko ukhawule SS, i-izidumbu kunye emthini babeza kubangela uloyiko phakathi kwamawaka amabanjwa emfazwe, kwaziswa yaseSachsenhausen. Le iifoto kulo mboniso, kwaye Notes ukucebisa omnye; ubuso amabanjwa ukuya itheko, kwakungekho ukoyika, akukho ikukudandatheka.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ingaphandle amaJamani abazange bakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwabantu Soviet - kubo; baye bonke umntu omnye. Ukuchonga amaYuda, amaNazi ngenkani amabanjwa nqunu, ukufumana ulwaluko. Ukuba thumbanails ngoko umYuda. Yaye amabanjwa kwakhona kwanyanzeleka ukuba bangxole igama elithi "ingqolowa". Ukuba umntu Teketa, ngoko nangoko wadubula.

Njengoko namanye iinkampu yokufa, ubuchule sentuthumbo ephuhlileyo zaye zaphuhliswa e yaseSachsenhausen. Kuba umthetho umntu encinane wabethwa kanobom ngeentonga kunye steel wire, ngeentsontelo irabha, axhonywe esibondeni ngeentsontelo okanye imixokelelwane izandla ezijijekileyo. Ezi uhlekisa ekuthiwa SS isohlwayo, yaye amabanjwa - mthetho. Enyanisweni, i "ulwaphulo-mthetho 'kuphela amabanjwa kukuba zafakwa okanye amaYuda. bahlukunyezwa embi ceba abafazi ukuzala. E yaseSachsenhausen amabanjwa amaJamani abanamava iintlobo ezintsha iityhefu, izinto eziyityhefu, iigesi, amalungiselelo nxamnye yesifo, ukutsha kunye nezinye iingozi kunye izifo.

Ukuhlolwa iziphumo abantu zemichiza kwenziwa kuphela amabanjwa Soviet. Ibulala SS wasebenzisa iigesi eziyityhefu ukuba izinambuzane egadini zitshabalale. Kodwa babengazi ukuba yintoni na efunekayo idiphu ebulalayo abantu. Ukuchaza oko, baqhuba iimvavanyo kwi amabanjwa bahlohlwa zokugcina, ukutshintsha ithamo kwaye ukulungisa ixesha lokufa.

In yaseSachsenhausen wabeka iintshaba wolawulo lwamaNazi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Nangona isithintelo ulwimi, ubukho kule nkampu walawula lokwenene solidarity inter-yobuhlanga, yabafundi. Czechs, eNorway, antifascists waseJamani, lo Dutch - amaqela umsebenzi ophezulu, usibonda enqabeni yomkhosi, oomabhalane lwahlangula abantu Soviet. Lo mboniso iqulathe ezininzi zobungqina.

Amanye amabanjwa - i Danes kunye eNorway - bafumana iipasile zokutya. Umngcipheko bona ngokwabo, ukuba babelane isidlo kunye namabanjwa Soviet. Kwathi ke oko kwazeka kuwo SS, kunye nabo kunye namanye bohlwaywe ngokuqatha.