Zingaphi iimfazwe zehlabathi kwaye zahlala ixesha elingakanani?

Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, uluntu lugungqiswe yimfazwe. Kodwa kwixesha la mandulo babengenalo mlinganiso omkhulu kangangoko kwikhulu lama-20. Zingaphi iimfazwe zehlabathi ezikuMhlaba? Kwakukho iimbambano ezimbini: iMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Isixa esikhulu sokutshatyalaliswa, ukufa kwezigidi zamasosha kunye nabantu abahlali - ezi ziphumo zeenkampani ezinjengezemikhosi.

Ingcamango yemfazwe yehlabathi

Indoda yanamhlanje malunga neenkqubela zempi, ngokuyisiseko, iyazivela kwiincwadi zezifundo kunye nobugcisa, iifrimu zeenkcukacha. Kodwa akuyena wonke umntu oqonda intsingiselo yegama elithi "imfazwe yehlabathi". Lithetha ukuthini eli binzana, kwaye zininzi iimfazwe zehlabathi?

Imfazwe exhobileyo, apho amazwekazi athatha inxaxheba kwaye ubuncinane amazwe angama-20 abandakanyekayo, kuthiwa yimfazwe yehlabathi. Njengomthetho, la mazwe amanyene nxamnye neentshaba eziqhelekileyo kubo. Kwimbali yanamhlanje yezo mpi zimbini: ekuqaleni kweXesha lama-20 iMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala yaqala, kwaye ekupheleni kwee-30 zekhulu elifanayo-iMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Kwiimfazwe ezininzi ezixhobileyo, amazwe amaninzi ayebandakanyeka: iJamani, iFransi, iItali, iBritani, iRashiya, iU.SA, eJapan. Wonke amazwe athatha inxaxheba alahlekelwa yilahleko enkulu, ebangela ukuba uluntu lubandezeleke kakhulu, ukufa nokutshabalalisa. Inani leemfazwe zehlabathi, ixesha labo kunye nesiphumo sinokukhathazeka kubo bonke abanomdla kwimbali.

Umboniso weengxabano

Amazwe aseYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu elitsha yayiseburhulumenteni abahlukeneyo. Ukulwa kwaba phakathi kweFransi neJamani. Elinye lala mazwe lafuna ukusebenzisana kwimfazwe eyayizayo. Emva koko, kufuna iimithombo ezinkulu zokuziqhuba. Kule ngxabano, eNgilani yaxhasa iFransi, ne-Austria-Hungary neJamani. Utyando lwaqala eYurophu ngaphambi kokuba idutshulwa eSarjevo ngo-1914, eyaqala ukuxabana.

Ukugqithisa ubukumkani kumazwe afana neRashiya neSerbia, amashoni aseFransi aholele umgaqo-myalelo wokuvukela, aqhube iintlanga ukulwa. Zingaphi iimfazwe zehlabathi kunye neemfazwe zazingabalulekanga kwihlabathi, bonke baqala ngesiganeko esinye saqala ukuqala. Ngokufanayo, inzame eyenziwa ngu-Austrian Archduke uFranz Ferdinand, eyenziwa eSarajevo ngoJuni ka-1914, yayisisizathu sokusungulwa kwemikhosi yase-Austrian eSerbia. I-Austria-Hungary imemezele ngokusemthethweni imfazwe yaseSerbia ngoJulayi 15, 1914, nangomso olandelayo ibhomu iBelgrade.

Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala

ISlav Serbia yilizwe lamaOthodoki. IRashiya isoloko isebenza njengobuncwane bayo. Kule meko, iRussia uTar Nicholas II ayinakuhlala kude kwaye yacela ukuba uJames Kaiser angayixhasi iArtrius-Hungary kule "imfazwe" engafanelekiyo. Ngempendulo, ummeli waseJamani, u-Count Pourtales, wanikela icala laseRussia ngenqaku elivakalisa imfazwe.

Ngethuba elifutshane onke amazwe aseYurophu angena kwimfazwe. Amahlakani aseRashiya ayengamaFransi neNgilandi. Ukulwa nabo kwakuyiJamani kunye ne-Austria-Hungary. Kancinci, amazwe angama-38 abandakanyekile kwimfazwe, kunye nenani labantu ababalelwa kwisigidi esisodwa. Ixesha elidlulileyo imfazwe yehlabathi? Kwaphela iminyaka emine kwaphela ngo-1918.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Kwakubonakala ngathi amava e-First World, ukulahleka kwezinto ezibuhlungu kwakufuneka kube ngamazwe-abathathi-nxaxheba beengxabano. Ngangaphi iimfazwe zehlabathi eziye zabhalwa kuzo zonke iincwadi zezikolo. Kodwa uluntu luhamba kwi-efanayo efanayo okwesihlandlo sesibini: ISivumelwano saseVersailles sigqiba emva kokuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala ayinelisekanga amazwe afana neJamani neTurkey. Iingxabano zemihlaba zalandelwa, ezomeleza ukuxhatshazwa kweYurophu. EJamani, ukunyakaza kwama-fascists kuye kwasebenza kakhulu, ilizwe liqala ngokukhawuleza ukwandisa umkhosi walo wempi.

Ngomhla kaSeptemba 1, 1939 , iJamani yaqalisa ukusebenza kwempi yaza yahlasela iPoland. Oku kwakuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ephendula kwizenzo zaseJamani, iFransi neNgilani yavelisa imfazwe, kodwa ayizange inikeze inkxaso ePoland, kwaye yahlala ngokukhawuleza - kwiintsuku ezingama-28. Iminyaka emininzi imfazwe yehlabathi idlulileyo, eye yafikelela kwimibhikano yamazwe angama-61 ehlabathini? Kwaphela ngo-1945, ngoSeptemba. Ngaloo ndlela, kwaphela iminyaka eyi-6.

Izigaba eziphambili

Imfazwe yehlabathi yesibili yinto yemfazwe ebomvu kwimbali yoluntu. Kwakule mfazwe ukuba izixhobo zenukliya zazisetyenziswa kuqala. Uninzi lwamazwe lugxininisa neJamani . Kwakuyi-bloc ye-Hitler, eyaba ngamalungu e-USSR, eFransi, eGrisi, eNgilani, e-United States, e-China nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Abaninzi babo abazange bathathe inxaxheba ngqo kwimisebenzi yempi, kodwa banikezela ngoncedo olunokwenzeka, ukubonelela ngamachiza, ukutya. Ecaleni leJamani, kwakukho amazwe amaninzi: iItali, iJapan, iBulgaria, iHungary, iFinland.

Izigaba eziphambili kule mfazwe ngamaxesha alandelayo:

1. I-blitzkrieg yaseYurophu yaseJamani - ukususela ngoSeptemba 1, 1939 ukuya kuJuni 21, 1941.
2. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-USSR - ukususela ngoJuni 22, 1941 ukuya kuNovemba 1942. Ukungaphumeleli kwesicwangciso sikaHitler sikaBarbarossa.
3. Ukususela ngoNovemba 1942 ukuya ekupheleni kuka-1943. Ngeli xesha, ukuguqulwa kwesicwangciso seemfazwe kwenzeka. Amajoni aseSoviet ahlasele. Kwaye kwintlanganiso yaseTehran kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kukaStalin, uChurchill noRoosevelt, kwagqitywa ukuba kuvulwe isibini.
4. Ukususela ngo-1943 ukuya kuMeyi 1945-isigaba esicatshulwe ngosindiso lweArmed Army, ukubanjwa kweBerlin kunye nokukhishwa kweJamani.
5. Isigaba sokugqibela sisusela ngoMeyi ukuya kuSeptemba 2, 1945. Eli xesha lokulwa eMpuma Ekude. Apha, abaqhubi be-Amerika basebenzisa izixhobo zenuzi kwaye bahlaselwa e-Hiroshima naseNagasaki.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-fascism

Ngoko, ngoSeptemba 1945, iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yaphela. Mangaphi amajoni kunye nabantu abafa, sithetha kuphela. Kuze kube ngoku, abaphandi baye bafumana amangcwaba ahleliyo ukususela ngexesha leli hlaselo nelinobungozi kubo bonke uluntu.

Ngokweengqiqo ezigqithisileyo zeengcali, ukulahlekelwa kwazo zonke iindibano ekuxabaneni kwaba ngabantu abayizigidi ezingama-65. Kakade, i-Soviet Union yalahlekelwa lilonke lala mazwe athatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe. Abahlali abayizigidi ezingama-27. Ukuvuthwa konke kwawa phezu kwabo, njengoko i-Army ebomvu yayinenkani ngokuchasene nabahlaseli be-fascist. Kodwa ngoqikelelo lwesiRashiya, inani lokufa liphezulu kakhulu, kwaye isibalo esinikwe sichazwe kakhulu. Zingaphi iimfazwe zehlabathi ezikulo mhlaba, kodwa ukulahleka okunjalo njengokwesiBini, ibali alingazi. Iingcali zangaphandle zavuma ukuba ilahleko zeSoviet Union zazingundoqo. Inani laba bantu abayizigidi ezingama-42.7.