Yintoni Zoology? Undincinayo inzululwazi ngezilwanyana?

ihlabathi kweziphilayo namhlanje zonke okuxhathisa zalo zahlukeneyo lungohlulwa lube ezintlanu izikumkani yendalo :

• izilwanyana;
• izityalo;
• awafanele;
• iintsholongwane;
• virus.

Isifundo ngasinye kubo ibandakanyeka lonke uluhlu Sciences. Siza kuqwalasela sele bafunda ntoni inzululwazi abameli zobukumkani yezilwanyana, izifundo data kuthiwa, ekubeni kruthwano nini, yaye oko kubangela kude ephunyelelweyo.

ngokuphila Science

Ekhaya Science, wazinikela ukufunda ezahlukeneyo kunye nendlela yokuphila kwezilwanyana - zezilwanyana. Ukuba isiseko apho awagcina ulwazi abazalwana bethu ezincinane.

Yintoni Zoology? Phendula ku isivakalisi mnye akunakwenzeka ukuba baphumelele. Asinto nje inzululwazi eyomileyo, ngokusekelwe ingcamango, yinto isethi amacandelo kunye podnauk nokuqokelela izinto malunga nayo yonke imicimbi enxulumene kwihlabathi isilwanyana.

Ngoko ke, impendulo yalo mbuzo ngulo: ngezilwanyana - inzululwazi ukuba yinxalenye biomass umhlaba wethu, nto leyo ebhekisela izilwanyana. Ngenxa yoko ke, into zokufunda Zoology zonke izilwanyana - ukususela kwiseli enye ukuya ezanyisayo lenyama multicellular. Isifundo sale inzululwazi kucingwa isifundo ngesakhiwo kwangaphandle nangaphakathi, nokomzimba, ukunwenwa kwindalo, yokuphila kunye neempawu yokuziphatha, unxibelelwano kunye nabanye kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle.

Iinjongo kunye neenjongo nenzululwazi

ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo oko ngezilwanyana, ukunceda zayo iinjongo kunye neenjongo nje inzululwazi. Iinjongo zezi:

• phonononga iimpawu ukusebenza, isakhiwo, osandul kunye nophuhliso yembali onke amalungu isilwanyana;
• kuxubusha iindlela ukuqhelana kwindawo yabo baze bakhuphele iimpawu ethology;
• ukuchaza indima yabo kwinkqubo yehlabathi eziphilayo;
• ukuchonga indima yabantu ulondolozo kunye nokukhuselwa zasendle.

Ngokunxulumene nenjongo ekujoliswe Iinjongo Zoology na ezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Uphononongo lwesakhiwo kwangaphandle nangaphakathi, kwakunye neempawu komzimba wesilwanyana.
2. Ukuthelekiswa iimfuno zabo zokuhlala zabo.
3. Ukuseka amanani kunye nendima amaqela ngamnye kwindalo kunye nemisebenzi yabantu.
4. Umhlaba wokuhlahlelwa Taxonomy isilwanyana ehlabathini, ukuze ukuchonga amaqela asemngciphekweni, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabo kunye nokhuseleko.

Ekubeni ingqalelo iinjongo, imisebenzi, into nangokuxhomekeke zezilwanyana, singatsho kakuhle ukuba ukufunda izilwanyana ngezilwanyana kuzo zonke obubonakala.

Ukwahlukanisa amacandelo umyezo

Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezibini zezilwanyana. Ngamnye uneempawu zawo ezizodwa, yaye ukunxibelelana nabanye, bamele ngokubanzi inkqubo ekhethekileyo. Uphononongo kwenkqubo enjalo idinga ixesha elininzi neenzame. umsebenzi kubantu abaninzi kangaka oku. Ngoko ke, bonke inzululwazi icandelo elikhethekileyo zezilwanyana.

yokuhlelwa kwazo lusekelwe kwi siseko emibini esisiseko eyile: kwiprojekthi kunye nofundo lokuba iingxaki kweyobunzululwazi. Cinga zombini.

Ucalulo lezinto zokufunda

1. Mammalogy (theriology) - inzululwazi iklasi ezincancisayo.
2. Herpetology - izirhubuluzi kunye eziphila.
3. Yenyani - ngayo iintlanzi.
4. Ornithology - ngeentaka (iintaka).
5. Ngezinambuzane - ngezinambuzane.
6. Acarology - malunga tick.
7. Arachnology - yesigcawu.
8. Malacology - on elwandle nolwandle saselwandle esineqokobhe.
9. Carcinology - kwezilwanyana.
10. Protozoology - malunga ezineseli enye (lenyama).
11. Helminthology - umbungu ekumfimfitheni.

Ukuhlelwa amacandelo umyezo imisebenzi

Kukho kwakhona amacandelo kudidi umyezo ingxaki kweyobunzululwazi. Umele ndidi zilandelayo:

• systematics - icandelo ojongene ngokuhlelwa and definition nendawo kule nkqubo yehlabathi zomgquba ngasinye isilwanyana;
• zoogeography - isayensi ufunda lonikezelo kunye ukuhlala kwintsimi iplanethi yethu;
• morphology - isayensi ufunda iimpawu zangaphandle kunye nesakhiwo zangaphakathi;
• Phylogenetics - ukufunda izisekelo ngemvelaphi kunye nophuhliso yembali yehlabathi yezilwanyana;
• Genetics - kucingwa imithetho yofuzo kunye Umahluko kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana zonke;
• histology - ukufunda isakhiwo zeselula izicwili;
• paleozoology - inzululwazi ukuba iintsalela zezilwanyana extinct nabo bonke ubomi lwamathuba planethi;
• Cytology - inzululwazi esiseleni kunye nesakhiwo sayo;
• ethology - uhlola iimpawu iindlela zokuziphatha kwizilwanyana kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo;
• embryology - liqwalasela ukusekwa ngeembumba kunye iimfano neeyantlukwano phakathi bonke abameli ihlabathi yezilwanyana ngokusekelwe uhlalutyo foetal kwakunye awohluke ka ontogenesis;
• eziphilayo - ufunda intsebenziswano phakathi izilwanyana ngokwabo, kwakunye nokuziqhelanisa ukuba iimeko zehlabathi kunye nentsebenziswano yabantu;
• zomzimba - iimpawu zonke iinkqubo zobomi;
• Human - ukufunda isakhiwo lwangaphakathi izilwanyana.

Zoology ekuyo

Yintoni Zoology ekuyo? Eli candelo ojongene isifundo yehlabathi isilwanyana, ukuba Isingqi (ngokuba ubomi uguqulwe kumhlathi spinal kunye umnqonqo).

Iinjongo zale nxalenye abafundi ingqeqesho bazifunde iimpawu zangaphandle nangaphakathi zonke iiklasi ekuyo, indlela yabo yokuphila, usasazo kunye nendima kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili ekuyo ezikhethekileyo kweli qela zezi zilandelayo:

1. bona kuphela babe Isingqi - eliphuma lomqolo. Olunye uhlobo oko kwaye okuhlala kuse ebomini, kodwa uninzi ikhula iba kwalapho.
2. Inkqubo luvo yezi zilwanyana kuba ngokucacileyo umahluko kwi ingqondo kunye umnqonqo (ngaphandle ngqo chordates, apho kusoloko ngentsontelo zemithambo-luvo Isingqi).
3. Inkqubo sokugaya abameli kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo ivula ngaphandle lokuvula umlomo phambi umzimba, ekupheleni ityhubhu yokwetyisa utshintshwa ukusuka eziphila elwandle ukuya iigilizi. Xa uhlobo ezisentlabathini emiphungeni.
4. Zonke abameli babe intliziyo - embindini kwegazi.

Kungenxa kweli candelo enikelwe izilwanyana kunye zezilwanyana le ekuyo.

Zoology of ezingenamqolo

Oko ufunda ngezilwanyana of lomqolo? Esi sakhiwo ethile, zokuphila nezokuziphatha yobume zonke izilwanyana ezingenazo ezi mpawu. izilwanyana ezinjalo ziquka abameli ntlobo zilandelayo:

• bamunca;
• coelenterates;
• abamnkela, ngeenxa kunye neempethu iflethi;
• yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe;
• echinoderms;
• arthropods (izigcawu, izinambuzane, kwezilwanyana).

Lomqolo zibumba inxalenye yazo zonke izilwanyana ezaziwayo. Ukongeza, badlala indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi yezoqoqosho.

Kwakhona, abameli ezininzi ezingenamqolo na izinambuzane abantu kwiinkathazo ezininzi (izidla umbungu ekumfimfitheni kunye nezityalo isivuno, njalo njalo).

Yiyo loo nto isifundo ezingenamqolo kubalulekile kwaye umdla omkhulu zenzululwazi.

ngokuphila lenyama

Phakathi elula zonke izilwanyana elilodwa olunye-. ezizezi:

• sarcomastigophora (amoebae, pod, foraminifery, Dory);
• flagellates (Volvox, euglena, trypanosome, Amachweba);
• ciliates (ciliary owanyayo kunye ciliates);
• sporozoans (gregarines, coccidia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium falciparum).

Abanye amoebae, ciliates nabo bonke sporozoans ke Iintsholongwane eziyingozi izifo kakhulu ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni. Ngoko ke, isifundo eneenkcukacha lomjikelo wobomi, ukondliwa zizalele nakuzo ubuchule babo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekufuneni iindlela yokulwa nazo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ngezilwanyana lenyama akukho amasebe ebalulekileyo ngaphantsi isayensi ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye.

A Umzobo ngokufutshane nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi

Le isayensi eyonwabisayo kakhulu. Zoology uzithandela yaye ulukuhlwe iingqondo amaninzi ngawo onke amaxesha. Yaye ngokuqinisekileyo ugwetyelwe. Emva Ukubona abazalwana bethu ezincinane ngokwenene umthambo umdla yaye iluncedo.

Izigaba eziphambili zibanjwa uphuhliso ngezilwanyana, kakhulu ezahlukene kwabo nakwezinye iisayensi. La maxesha ezine ezisisiseko:

1. ngamaxesha amandulo. Yamandulo Greece - Aristotle, iRoma yamandulo - Pliniy Starshy.
2. Abanemvume - ixesha kungekho kukhula. Bonke ootitshala beeSayensi babephantsi kwempembelelo yeCawa, lokufundwa kwazo zonke izinto eziphilileyo balelwa ngokungqongqo.
3. Renaissance - lelona xesha esebenzayo kuphuhliso zezilwanyana. Ebibekiwe ulwazi ezininzi ithiyori kwaye aluncedo kubomi izilwanyana, baqulunqe imithetho ezisisiseko ifakwe ukusetyenziswa kunye KABLOOM zohlaza nokuhlelwa lokubini lwamagama izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Amagama idumileyo kweli thuba: Charles Darwin, Zhan Batist Lamark, uKarl Linney, Zhorzh Kyuve, Dzhon Rey, Saint-Hilaire, Antoni Van Levenguk.
4. ixesha New ibhekisa kwinkulungwane XIX-XX. Eli thuba uphuhliso lolwazi malunga nesakhiwo molecule and genetic zezilwanyana, lokuvula imithetho biogenetic kunye neendlela zophuhliso osandul kunye nokomzimba Nerhamncwa zonke iintlobo. Uninzi amagama amakhulu: Max, Haeckel kunye Muller, Mechnikov, Kovalevsky.

ngokuphila lwangoku

ngekhulu xxi - ixesha koyisa lwetheknoloji yedijithali kunye izixhobo ezinzima-umsebenzi ekhethekileyo. Oku kunika yinzuzo enkulu kubo bonke isayensi Studies indalo ephilayo, kodwa ngaxeshanye kunye nemingeni emitsha phambi kwabo.

Yintoni ngezilwanyana isigaba langoku lophuhliso? Le inzululwazi ukuba sikulungele ukuphendula le mibuzo:

• Yintoni na ehlabathini silwanyana?
• Yiyiphi imithetho uyaphila yaye yintoni features na?
• Njani umntu kungekho kakubi kokusingqongileyo ukusebenzisa ukwahluka izilwanyana zehlabathi iinjongo zabo?
• Ngaba kunokwenzeka lokuphinda artificially i (icinyiwe) uhlobo ezilahlekileyo?

Ekufuneni iimpendulo kuthatha izazinzulu okuninzi ixesha, nakuba indlela egqibeleleyo enjalo.

ixabiso Zoology kunzima ukuba zazi. Ngaphezu kanye ekhankanywe ngasentla malunga yintoni enkulu indima kubomi babantu, impilo yabo kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Wafunda leminyaka kwaye kusoloko ziza kufundwa ngenxa imibuzo ezingasonjululwanga malunga izilwanyana lisekhona inani elikhulu kakhulu.