Izinto eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari echaphazela nenyikima

Imiba echaphazela inyikima - yenza oku kwizimanga zendalo, ngenxa abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo baye bachaphazeleka. Bona yavele. Bonke kufuneka babelane iinkcukacha ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

yashiya uzamazama

Le - into yokuqala ekufuneka iqwalaselisisiwe ingqalelo, ukuthetha malunga neenyikima echaphazela izinto. mothuko seismic kuthiwa impembelelo okubangelwa kuhlaselo komhlaba (udubulo) kwaye ukuhla nokunyuka Umhlaba. Oku kuvela ifuthe imikhosi enzulu ziitectonic plates. Kweli nqanaba, i deformation ye esicwangciswe emhlabeni rock uze - ucinezelo zabo ezilandelayo. Ngenxa yoko omninzi kakhulu, ngenxa apho Ingaphandle kwatshintsha akususe. Oku kwenza isiphoso uqweqwe ukuba avale uphakamisa. Yaye, bona, babe uhlobo ecacileyo yokothuka seismic.

Kwakhona kwesi sifundo kufuneka sibandakanye ukubana komkhenkce nasemaweni. Le akuyona i enkulu inyikima umxhelo factor, kodwa omnye kwabo.

Ezinye izinto eziphambili

Ukuze ezi zingentla kuquka ukubana, ukungcangcazela, warping umhlaba kunye nomhlaba. Imiba ephambili echaphazela inyikima - kukwayinto uhlaba uqhekeke, ukunqamka kunye ukugangatheka. Kwangoko qatha engqondweni na isenzeko yedeskthopi, ngathi ukudilika. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto iphambili ekuxabeleni yenyikima. Le yoko, evela ngokuqhelekileyo kunxweme yolwandle okanye nemilambo, ngokunjalo ezintabeni. Kwaye phezu kumathambeka asezintlanjeni. Ifomu kakhulu eyingozi emazantsi kweelwandle.

Kungani na ke ukuba zenzeke? Ngenxa kwenyikima. Kakade ke, kukho ukuhlelwa landslides. Imvula, ikhephu, iqhwa, mlilo, limnogennye ngenxa yezinye izizathu Vuka, inokubuyiselwa eziqondwa igama. Kodwa landslides seismogenic kubangelwa ziinyikima olomeleleyo. mass Ground ke bungacinywa kunye kumathambeka. Iziphumo ngaphezulu kakhulu. Ukuba ngokuwa enamandla, abantu, izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nezakhiwo usengozini yokuba ngamaqhekeza usisiqhwala ngamatye ezahlukeneyo, uyilo kuvuleke.

Ezinye izinto - iimpazamo, amaza kwesidingo (itsunami elandelayo), ukuwa kwezakhiwo kunye egesi komhlaba.

Le nyikima - ukujaduka mlilo

Kwaye ngenene. Iqela ngezizwe izazinzulu ngo-Apreli kulo nyaka, waphinda ukuqinisekisile kwisigqibo - komhlaba kunokubangela (okanye factor) mlilo. Okanye akukho namnye, kodwa eziliqela.

Izazinzulu ziye kudala ndicinge ukuba ezinye kuqhume kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kwenyikima. Noko ke, Isimanga, umgama ukusuka kumaziko abo. Esi sihloko abanomdla nkqu Charles Darwin.

Kwaye uqhagamshelwano phakathi omnye isenzeko yesibini kuchazwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Enye inguqulo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i iingcangcazela kuba nempembelelo entle ekukhuleni maqampu daka. Kwandiswe umthamo. Kwaye yokwanda yengcinezelo daka. Kodwa, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iipokotho daka ungqukuva isandi ngamaza wenyikima.

Iliza yesibini iziphumo

Kwezi zingasentla - hayi zonke ibandakanya ziintshukumo zenyikima. Oku nje izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukunyikima oko, kukho kwakhona zamabanga.

Ezi ziquka udubulo kwaye nemililo. Ukudumba kwenzeka kwiindawo ezihlala abantu, ngenxa ukuvuza igesi yendalo okanye ezinye izinto ezinokutsha, kwaye kananjalo ngenxa kukwaphuka amacingo ombane. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula inyikima eyenzeka ngo-1995 Kobe (Japan). Enye intlekele engazange ibekho kweli lizwe - 7.3 kwisikali iRichter. Unobangela wayeyindoda nje asilotyala ziitectonic plates. Ngenxa yemililo ezithe zavela ngenxa ntlekele yabulala abantu abamalunga 5000.

izinto Okuninzi zamabanga echaphazela inyikima - lentlekele, izikhukula, iphula uthungelwano umjelo, kwakunye mudflows kunye rockfalls. Konke oku kungentla iyakwazi ukwenza ubomi amakhulu abantu.

zekhephu

Oku - enye ngenxa oko kuyimfuneko ukuze abachukumise phambili, sithetha inyikima imiba yawo echaphazela. Le ntetho iya kuba isenzeko elula. Kwadilika - nobunzima kakhulu nekhephu eziwa zivela kumathambeka. Isibakala sokuba oko kunokubangelwa ziintshukumo zenyikima kunye iingcangcazela - akumangalisi. Ukudilika yintlekele eyayiza atshayele umntu ethambekeni. Ngoko ke wabulala climbers ezininzi snowboarders. Abantu nje kuwa kubude olukhulu ikhefu. Kodwa kukho nezinye izizathu.

Snow yokuzenzisa kuphela kubonakala nice and kulula. Enyanisweni, ubunzima zekhephu ukuya kwiitoni amakhulu eziliqela! Ngenxa yoko - kwamathambo kunye zizalwa (ukutsarhwa). Ukongezelela, nzima ukuze ucele uncedo. Kwikhephu buthathaka isandi conductivity. Kuba soft kwaye ayisayicinezeli nkqu ukubhomboloza zingxola uncedo.

Man - nayinto

Yaziwa kakuhle kubo bonke. Ngaphambili kuluhlu imiba echaphazela inyikima. imiphumela zaseprayimari nezasesekondari ukuba abantu kuba kubi kakhulu. Loo nto nje imbonakalo yazo badla ityala abantu ngokwabo.

Ezinye izenzo zabo inyanzelise istampu ngqo kwi iintlekele zemvelo. Oku kuquka kwamahlathi, uphuhliso komhlaba enzulu, ukukhutshwa inkunkuma eyingozi emoyeni, yaye uvavanyo yenyukliya. Iimposiso kuyilo, ngakumbi yaye kamva eziqulathwe ebomini, lunokubulala.

Cause iinyikima nemvelo kungaba ziphene amanzi okanye oyile nzulu emhlabeni, nto leyo oluqhutywa iinjongo zokusingqongileyo okanye yoshishino. Ulwelo kuchaphazela umfutho ngokufihlakeleyo. Kwaye, yena, iwisa ezivuzayo. Isiphumo - kokuvela yenyikima. Ke izinto zabo ezichaphazela, ngamafutshane, sele kubonakala kwimpilo yabantu. Ngenxa yokuba kubaluleke kangaka indlela uxanduva. Yinto nje amagama kuphela. Man kuba kaloku yena angenza ngenxa yezenzo zabo.

background space

Kaloku, izinto ezidweliswe ngasentla echaphazela inyikima - eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. Kodwa kukho isifundo umdla ngakumbi, ezinxulumene ngqo kule meko zendalo. Kwaye oku - izizathu kwenzeka ukuba emva, kodwa phambi kokuba ntlekele.

Kutshanje, zesayensi Japanese wafumanisa into ebangel 'umdla. Into yokuba iinyikima wu ri karhi kunye nomjikelo kwenyanga. Enyanisweni, oku akumangalisi. Ngapha koko, lo amaza ezinxulumene kumjikelo kwenyanga.

Oko izazinzulu ziye kufika? Ngapha koko, kuvela, inyikima inamandla kwenzeka ngaloo maxesha xa inyanga entsha okanye kwenyanga waba ngukumkani.

Yayichaza oko kungelula kakhulu, kodwa kucacile. Xa sithetha ngolwimi eziqhelekileyo, Umhlaba, iNyanga Sun rhoqo ezihambayo. Zithe ke, ngoko ukuhambisa kude omnye komnye. Oku kuphakamisa imikhosi notorious kolwandle. Ngenxa isiphumo ezahlukeneyo yomtsalane ziqala olwandle ku okugcina amanzi. Ingakumbi - elwandle. Ngokunxuseneyo womhlaba deformation kwenzeka. Iinguqu ezingephi - besentimitha ezimbalwa. Kodwa ezi zenzi zezona into ichukumisa ziintshukumo zenyikima. Xa kwenzeka, iindawo lwasekhaya Umhlaba kumphezulu kabukhali uvuza ombane leyo kopilos iminyaka ngenxa zonke ngaphambili ekhankanywe - imijikelo month, tide, ehle, kunye nezinye izinto.

ubukhulu

Ukuthetha ngento Iimeko ezichaphazela inyikima, kufanele kuqatshelwe ingqalelo kwaye kwisikali iRichter isikali. Oku kugqiba ubungakanani leyo ubonakalise amandla kwakhululwa a ziintshukumo zenyikima.

Ubuncinane - nto amanqaku zero. Nawuphi na umsebenzi fixed kuphela izixhobo. Le yunithi iboniswe yinyikima, nto leyo waziva ngabantu. Deuce - into obungqingqwa yi abaqashi elikumgangatho ophezulu. Umsebenzi, ukusuka kwimibiko amanqaku 2.5 ukuya ku-3, wavakalelwa lonke isakhiwo. NjengeBoniweyo wakhuph izinto ekwaziyo le - le neendawo, "catchers iphupha", oojingi, etc ...

Kwindawo 3.5 iifestile ring neengcango zivulekile ngezayo iiwindow. eba olubonakalayo emanzini? Ngenxa yoko, amandla ebhalwe-4 ukuya 4.5 kwisikali iRichter. Abahlanu amanqaku abantu agxadazele, ukutyabeka unothanda yaye uwaphule iifestile. Ukuba iinyawo zakho kunzima ukuzibamba, yaye endala ubambe "umthandazo kwi" isakhiwo ukuwa - umsebenzi landile ukuya kwinqanaba "6" ngomlinganiselo. Kwi 6.5 phezu neentanda emhlabeni.

Ukutshatyalaliswa yonxibelelwano kunye nezakhiwo ezichazwe ngamanqaku 7. 7.5 Xa kukho landslides notorious ngakumbi. Ukuba komzila baphikele, kwaye kwemibhobho ayeke umsebenzi - sele amanqaku-8. 8.6 Xa amandla eyenziwe yinyikima, ngaphezu kwesigidi (!) Times Lowo unayo ezabo atomic. amanqaku 9 - oko kukuphela. Building, kwakunye nayo yonke into ikhona kule ndawo, itshabalele.

seaquake

Oku - into ebalulekileyo inombolo sihloko 2. Iinyikima nezinto zabo echaphazela ezoyikekayo ngokwenene. Kodwa ukuba ukuhla zinxulumene imizimba yamanzi - le ntlekele lokwenene uyeza.

Seaquake kuzo zonke iimeko kunye kolwandle. Oko ubuncinane. Yaye ngokufuthi le nto - ngenxa yenyikima, ebinezinto yalapho kumhlaba kufutshane elwandle okanye emazantsi.

Isizathu ingayiyo esikhulu ukudilika nonxweme umaleko. Okanye ukuba akukho ngcono, kuqhambuko mlilo kwamanzi. Imiphumo nayiphi na kwezi ndlela yokuwela. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ngo-1755 - ngesihelegu kwenzeka kufuphi eLisbon. Yaba ethabathela yenyikima ukuba nimqumbisa seaquake, kwabuzwa imililo kunye enamandla imitha-17 itsunami eliphezulu. Le ngozi yenzeke ngo 9:20 kusasa ngomhla 1 Novemba. imizuzu emithandathu wabulala 000 (!) Abantu 80. Ukuba uyakholwa zokuma, ubuninzi koko wasondela amanqaku 8.7. Kuba kunzima ukuba ukukholwa - enyanisweni 1/3 yesixeko ngoko yatshatyalaliswa umphelo.

Indlela ukuqikelela simanga?

Wonke ukufunda komhlaba echaphazela izinto, ibonisa - ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphepha ngandlela zonke ezi zinto zingasentla? kakhulu amathuba. Ukuthintela nayiphi na kwizimanga zendalo imikhosi abantu bangakwazi. Kodwa indlela yakhe ukuchonga - ngokugqibeleleyo.

Kufuneka uqaphele ukuba kule ndawo, apho ebekade umoya ucocekile, kwakukho livumba yirhasi. Iintaka kunye nezilwanyana imingcele noko amnye ebantwini? Kwakhona ube ngumqondiso. Cats siwashiye indawo ahlala kuyo, bephethe ekati. Iintaka imizuzu eli-10-15 phambi kwesiganeko sisiqalo ndikhwaze ngokungaqhelekanga kunye ukutsiba ngeenxa zonke ebuhlanti. Kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala azivuni, ngokuphakuzela. Into yokuba iinyikima zomhlaba zihamba kunye namasimi ezingaqhelekanga kagesi. Izilwanyana uyazi kakuhle kwaye kusabela.

Le deformation yendlela okanye ezisentlabathini webs kufuneka alumkise iingcangcazela preliminary - kakhulu. Enye wake-up umnxeba - a ucinezelo yezizwe izibane ezibengezelayo. Kakade ke, ukuba kukho enye into, musani ukuphakuzela, akukho mfuneko. Kodwa apha zizo zonke ezi zinto kufuneka yaziswe.

Ezayo - into omele uyenze?

iinyikima echaphazela zinto ingqalelo. Imithetho yokuziphatha - esinye isihloko kufuneka ukuba kuphawulwe ingqalelo. Nakanye, Kakade ke, ukuba le ntlekele zange wachukumisa abantu. Kodwa nasi - into forearmed.

Silawule №1 - kufuneka sihlale siphaphile. Kufuneka senze ngokuzithemba ngokukhawuleza, yaye ndizele oku kufuneka ukuzeyisa. Silawule №2 - kufuneka sihambe ngoko nangoko isakhiwo. Ngenxa yokuba le ndawo yakha ngexesha ziintshukumo zenyikima - yinto kwindawo ubuncinane inani izakhiwo.

Silawule №3 - kuyimfuneko ukuba liphume kwisakhiwo emva lafa yokuqala. Ngenxa kungenjalo ungaphulukana ibhalansi yakho. UMmiselo №4 - akukho yinkcitha xesha. Wonke ukubalwa yesibini. Kuyimfuneko ukuba bathabathe nabo kuphela imali, amaxwebhu kunye nezinto essentials - into ngaphandle ongayi ngokwenene khona abantu. Amandla, abantu ababuthathaka kunye nezilwanyana kwafuneka bancedwe ngaphandle kwesakhiwo.

Silawule №5 - akukho bekwilift, izihlwele phezu kulotywe kwaye uyaxhuma ngeefestile. Ke ekugqibeleni, lowo wokugqibela. Ukushiya indlu / ofisi / ekhaya / emsebenzini, kuyimfuneko ukucima igesi, amanzi nombane.

Ukuba akukho kusinda?

Kuyenzeka ukuba ushiye isakhiwo ayisebenzi. Kakhulu emva kwexesha, esi sicatshulwa kudityelelwa, iingcango egcwele - kwenzeka nayiphi na. Kodwa kulo mzekelo, zibonakala ithemba, asinakukwazi ungalahli ithemba nomoya ukulwa.

Indawo ephephile kwelo gumbi - ukuba iimbombo iindonga eziphambili okanye imingxunyana kuzo. Kwakunye isithuba ibekwe phantsi izakhiwo umthwalo-langa. Le ndoda, ubuyeleyo kwindawo "mgibe" ezinjalo, kufuneka ekuchopheni phantsi, zithambekele umntla kwakho phambili, ngoko uvale ubuso nentloko ngeengalo zakho. Uyakwazi ukumelana ajongane udonga axhasayo. Ukanti ukuba "lisemandleni" kunye na.

A ithuba lokuphuma ngasentla, ukuba igumbi unalo umthombo yogcino ukukhanya, nonikezelo ukutya kunye namanzi, ikiti yoncedo lokuqala kunye stand-alone kunomathotholo.

Kodwa okona kubalulekileyo - ithemba nokholo ngosindiso. Ummangaliso, ukuze yenzeke, kodwa loo nto ayithethi ulahlekelwe isibindi umntu lula ukuyisebenzisa kwimeko ethile - ngokwenene loo nto.