Iindlela uhlalutyo titrimetric le. Iintlobo titration. iMbonakalo-ngqo yoBume

Iindlela uhlalutyo titrimetric i zahlulwe ukuba abe ngumfuziselo titration kunye abasabela yemichiza esifakiweyo esikhetiweyo ukufumanisa iziyobisi (component). Xa chemistry mihla esiwaphawula ngayo quantitative kunye uhlalutyo qualitative.

iintlobo yokuhlelwa

Iindlela titrimetric analysis ekhethiweyo ikhemikali reaction ethile. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo yentsebenziswano, kukho ukwahlulwa ibe nokuzimisela titrimetric eyahlukileyo yezinto eziphilayo.

Iindlela ukuhlaziywa:

• titration Redox; indlela esekelwe utshintsho igcwala karhulumente izakhi mbandela.
• ukubunjwa Complex yikhemikhali reaction ezintsonkothileyo.
• Acid-base titration iquka neutralization ngokupheleleyo reactants.

neutralization

Acid-base titration ivumela ukumisela isixa asidi ezingaphiliyo (alkalimetry), kwaye olunokubalwa kwisiseko (atsidimetriya) kwi isisombululo oyifunayo. Ukulandela le nkqubo i analyte zakudibana kunye neetyuwa. Xa usebenzisa izinyibilikisi eziphilayo (acetone, utywala) kwenzeka ukumisela izinto ezingakumbi.

complexation

Yintoni ngumongo indlela analysis titration? Ukucacisa izinto ekulindeleke yi imvula ye ion efunekayo njenge ezimbaxa ziyeke enyibilikayo okanye wayo nomphetho kwi little- inqanyulwe entsonkothileyo.

Redoksimetriya

Igcwala-zokunciphisa titration isekelwe phezu kuphungulwe igcwala ngayo. Kuxhomekeka isicombululo titrant reagent kwi chemistry ahlaziye wachacha:

• permanganometry, osekelwe ukusetyenziswa potassium permanganate;
• iodometry, olusekelwe igcwala of ayodini, ngokunjalo nokubuyiselwa unako iodide;
• bihromatometriyu esebenzisa potassium dichromate igcwala;
• bromatometry ngokusekelwe igcwala potassium bromate.

iindlela Redox titrimetric uhlalutyo kwaye ziquka iinkqubo ezifana cerimetry, titanometriya, vanadometriya. Zibandakanya igcwala okanye ukuncitshiswa ehambelana ion yesinyithi.

By indlela titration

Kukho kucalulo titrimetric ngeendlela uhlalutyo kuxhomekeke indlela titration. In lwalo ngqo titrated echazwe ion ekhethiweyo isisombululo reagent. Inkqubo indlela endaweni titration isekelwe phezu ukucaza ukulingana ngongoma ezingazinzanga phambi iikhompawundi chemical. Titration eseleyo (indlela eguqulweyo ngokubaxwa i) ezisetyenziswa kwimeko apho kunzima ukubona ukukhanya, kwakunye nayo eyayinethombo olucothayo yentsebenziswano chemical. Ngokomzekelo, xa kujongwa izinto icalcium carbonate iphathwa ubunzima mali ezingaphezu isisombululo komgangatho zehydrochloric acid.

analysis ukubaluleka

Zonke iindlela uhlalutyo titration lubonisa:

• ukuzimisela ngqo nomthamo elinye okanye nganye zemichiza basabela;
• ubukho sisombululo titrated, awothi lenquba yenzelwa titration;
• analysis ubhaqo.

Titrating isiseko zemichiza yohlalutyo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba siqwalasele imisebenzi esisiseko eyenziwa phakathi nokuhlola. Eli candelo zinxulumene kakhulu umsebenzi yonke imihla. Ungenandawo ingcamango malunga ubukho izinto ekrwada okanye iimveliso ikakhulu amacandelo kunye ubumdaka, kube nzima ukucwangcisa ikhonkco imveliso kwi amayeza, iikhemikhali kunye noshishino metallurgical. Imithetho ifildi yodibaniso zisetyenziswa ukusombulula imiba ezintsonkothileyo kwezoqoqosho.

Research Iindlela Chemistry Analytical

Le chemistry industry inzululwazi yokufumanisa ikhomponenti okanye iziyobisi. Iziseko titrimetric Uhlalutyo - iindlela ezisetyenziselwa nokuhlola. Ngoncedo lwabo, umphandi iqukumbela ukwakhiwa iziyobisi, isiqulatho ubungakanani iinxalenye ngamnye. Kungenzeka kwakhona ngexesha kulingwa okuhlalutya ukuchonga iqondo igcwala, nto leyo candelo ukwimo test. Xa ukuhlelwa iindlela okuhlalutya chemistry ingqalelo, luni na inyathelo efanele ukwenza. Ukulinganisa ubunzima eseleyo onesiphumo usebenzisa indlela gravimetric uphando. Xa ngamandla kulingwa isisombululo uhlalutyo kuyimfuneko photometric. Ubukhulu i-EMF emiselwe amacandelo potentiometry usemthethweni iyeza sifundo. Amathanga titration umboniso lwenziwa lokulinga.

Division of iindlela analytical

Ukuba kuyimfuneko, sebenzisa kwi physicochemical inethiwekhi chemistry, Classic (chemical) kunye neendlela eziphathekayo. Ngeendlela imichiza ziqondwe ngokuqhelekileyo titrimetric kunye nohlalutyo gravimetric. Zombini iindlela weklasiki, zeemoto, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu umthombo othenjiweyo. Ubunzima (gravimetric) indlela kubandakanya nokumisela ubunzima into okanye amacandelo alo, nto leyo uyazimela ukwimeko ecocekileyo, kwaye kananjalo ngohlobo iikhompawundi ezingenakunyibilika. Volume (titrimetric) indlela uhlalutyo isekelwe kujongwa umthamo reagent zidliwe indlela yemichiza kuthathwa a xi owaziwayo. Kukho icandelo iindlela yemichiza emzimbeni kumaqela ezahlukeneyo:

• okubonakalayo (ecacicleyo);
• electrochemical;
• radiometric;
• chromatography;
• spectrometry mass.

Okukodwa titration isifundo

Eli candelo of chemistry yohlalutyo kubandakanya yokulinganisa imali reagent eyimfuneko indlela imichiza epheleleyo kunye nesixa yaziwa into. Umongo inkqubo kukuba isisombululo ukwimo test lifakiwe dropwise ukuya reagent ukuzikisa ingqondo eyaziwa. Yokuyifaka ihlala nje imali kwakungayi kuba ilingane isixa zempahla idityaniswe nayo. Le ndlela inika ngesantya ubalo aphezulu chemistry oluninzi kwanabacazululi.

Njengoko umsunguli ubuchule ingqalelo French Scientist lusakite Gay. Iziyobisi okanye element, uzimisele kwisampulu, obizwa ngokuba analyte. Phakathi kwabo ukuze babe ion, athom, amaqela asebenzayo abophe radicals simahla. Wezenzi ekubhekiselwe sukube, elulwelo, into eqinileyo, nto leyo idityaniswe kukho imichiza ethile. Inkqubo podlivaniem titration na isisombululo phantsi ukuxubana rhoqo omnye komnye. Eyona nto ifunekayo ukuze kwimpumelelo yenkqubo i ukusetyenziswa sisombululo titration nge xi ezinzileyo (titrant). Kuba izibalo kusetyenziswa uzinzo lwe isisombululo, ngamanye amazwi, inani gram-yokuthanda izinto equlethwe ngelitha 1 isisombululo. ezigoso Titration eyakhelwe emva kulendawo.

iikhemikali okanye iziqalelo sebenzisana kakuhle echazwe mali ubunzima esilingana zabo gram-nokulingana.

Embodiments ukulungiselela titrant ukusuka ubunzima umbandela oqala

Njengoko indlela lokuqala ukulungiselela isisombululo kunye xi kwangaphambili (titer kuchaziwe) kungathathwa oluchanekileyo sample ubunzima zokuchithwa emanzini okanye omnye nazinkinga kwaye ngokuxuba isisombululo uzilungiselele ukuya umthamo ofunekayo. Le titer ye reagent onesiphumo zingacwangciswa kwi ubunzima eyaziwa ezimbaxa ecocekileyo kunye nomthamo yezisombululo ogqityiweyo. Le nkqubo iye yasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela izisombululo titrated ezo lweekhemikhali zingafumaneka ngendlela esulungekileyo, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze apho ayitshintshi ngexesha yokugcina ixesha elide. Substances esetyenziselwa zalishumi iibhotile ezinobunzima zisetyenziswa enesiciko ivaliwe. Le ndlela wokulungiselela izisombululo ayifanelekanga ukuba isetyenziselwe izinto yokuba hygroscopicity eliphezulu kwaye kananjalo ukuba iikhompawundi leyo kungena intsebenziswano imichiza kunye carbon monoxide (4).

Ithekhnoloji yesibini ekulungiseleleni kwezisombululo titrated ezisetyenziswa kwiiplanti zeekhemikali ezikhethekileyo, kwiilebhu ezizodwa. Oku kusekelwe ukusetyenziswa ngendlela ubunzima izixa ze iikhompawundi eqinileyo ecocekileyo kwakunye nokusetyenziswa kwezisombululo ezithile kunye uzinzo. Iziyobisi ufakwa ezineengqayi iglasi, ngoko ndasinqabisela kubo. Ezo izinto ukuba ezineengqayi zeglasi ngaphakathi, ebizwa fiksanaly. Xa ekwenzeni breaks ngqo reagent experiment ampule ngaphezu ifanele, leyo isixhobo iyafa. Ngaphezu koko, eli candelo yonke idluliselwa igutyana ngokomthamo kulandele ukongeza amanzi, imali efunekayo kwesisombululo zabasebenzi.

Titration ikwasetyenziselwa algorithm ngezenzo. Burette ezaliswe ukusebenza sisombululo ukulungele zero ukuze umzantsi wawo yayingekho amaqamza. Okulandelayo, ukulinganisa umxube sokukhetha umbala ukuba zihlolwe, ngoko ibekwe ibe igutyana etsobhileyo. Inokongezwa kuyo, yaye amathontsi ambalwa isibonisi. Ngokuthe ngcembe, nesisombululo ogqityiweyo idityaniswa dropwise kumxube burette yokusebenza esweni kuba ukutshintsha umbala. Xa umbala oluzinzileyo, engaquki shwaka emva kwemizuzwana 5-10, bagwebe kugqitywe inkqubo titration. Okulandelayo badlule izibalo, ekubalweni umthamo yesisombululo lichithe ukuya yoxinaniso kwangaphambili, ukwenza izigqibo kwi imifuniselo.

isiphelo

Titration ivumela ukumisela ubume ubuninzi nobulunga le analyte. Le ndlela ifildi yodibaniso ayimfuneko ezahlukeneyo zamashishini, kusetyenziswa amayeza, pharmaceutics. Xa ukhetha le isisombululo zokusebenza kufuneka athathe ingqalelo iimpawu zayo imichiza kwakunye nokukwazi ukwenza iikhompawundi ezingenakunyibilika wafunda kweziyobisi.