Yintoni ekhoyo yangoku ifilosofi? Iimfilosofi zanamhlanje

Ifilosofi yenzululwazi engayi kushiya nabani na ongenamdla. Akumangalisi ukuba, emva kokuba yonke into ichukumisa umntu ngamnye, iphakamisa iingxaki zangaphakathi zangaphakathi. Sonke sivakatyelelwe iingcinga zefilosofi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisini, ubuhlanga okanye iklasi. Njengoko kwavela, ngamawaka eminyaka abantu banenkxalabo ngemibandela efanayo, iimpendulo ezingakafumaneki. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izikolo ezininzi zefilosofi kunye nemigudu engashiyi nzame ukutyhilela iimfihlelo zendalo yonke.

Imba kunye nokuqonda

Yintoni ebalulekileyo - umcimbi okanye umoya? Lo mbuzo ude wahlukanisa abacingeli kwiinkampu zokulwa. Ngenxa yoko, iinjongo eziphambili zefilosofi - ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo, ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo kunye nobuqili. Abaxhasi besikolo ngasinye bahlakulela iingcamango zabo, benqaba yonke into ephikisana nabo. Nangona kunjalo, nganye yale mizila yanikezela kwinani elingenamkhawulo lamasebe, okwangoku ukufumana impendulo entliziyweni yabantu namhlanje.

Ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo yintsimi yefilosofi, echaza ukuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwaye yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. XVII-XVIII веков, а также в социалистических государствах нового времени. Esi sikolo silawulwa eNgilani naseFransi XVII-XVIII iikholeji, kunye nakwiindawo zentlalo yezentlalo zamaxesha anamhlanje. Iimpahla zendalo zixhomekeke kwizinto ezinobungqina obuqinisekisiweyo. Bathanda inzululwazi yemvelo, njengokhemistri, i-physics, i-mathematics kunye ne-biology, ngokuyisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo kwimpikiswano kunye neengcamango. Umphathiswa wezinto eziphathekayo unokuqinisekisa uninzi lweengxelo zakhe ngengqiqo kunye nenzululwazi, okwenza ifilosofi ithandeke kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, bayakukhanyela ngokusemandleni ukuba banokuchaphazela umcimbi, becinga ukuba iyunithi ozimele ozimeleyo.

Iingcali

Inkambo yefilosofi yeengcamango iphikisana ngokupheleleyo nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo. Ibonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kwihlabathi leengcamango, ngokuqwalasela ihlabathi lezinto kuphela umphumo walo. Iingcamango zikholelwa ukuba loo nto ayikwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kwengcamango yokuba ivelisa. Ihlabathi lonke elisijikelezayo liyindlela yokubonakalisa iingcinga kunye neengcamango, kwaye kungekhona ngokuthe ngqo. Le yangoku, ikwahlula iinqanaba ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: injongo kunye nokuzimela. Abaxhasayo besikolo seengcamango zengqondo bagcina ukuba ihlabathi leengcamango likhona ngokuzimela.

Iingcamango ezizimeleyo zicinga ukuba indalo ikhona kuphela engqondweni yomntu. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokuqonda into engokoqobo, akukho nto, kuba umcimbi uveliswa yimibono ekwazi ukuza kuphela ngobunzima bezinto eziphilayo. Iimbono ziba zithandwa kakhulu kule mihla. Impucuko yeNtshona yayilambile ngokomoya. Ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo kubusa iminyaka emininzi kumazwe aseYurophu naseMelika, ukuze abantu baxhaswe ngeengcamango zakhe. Ngoku bafuna induduzo kwi-idealism, eye yaba yimoya yokuphefumlela emoyeni kwilizwe elimanyeneyo leengcamango ezisemgangathweni.

Ukuxhatshazwa

Abalandeli bobuqhetseba abazange baphendule umbuzo omdala. Kwaye, akazange eme, ngenxa yokuba le ngqiqo yefilosofi ibonisa ukuba umoya kunye nemiba yayihlala ihlala. Ama-Dualists awafaki ukubaluleka kakhulu kwizinto zokomoya okanye izinto eziphathekayo, ephikisana ukuba zombini la macandelo abaluleke ngokulinganayo ukuba kukho indalo. Umntu uthathwa njengabalandeli besikolo sobuthathaka njengobungqina obungabonakaliyo bendaba kunye nomoya. Zonke izinto kwindalo yonke yinto yemveliso okanye umba. Ngoko, umzekelo, iimbono zizalwa ngokuqonda, kodwa izinto zivela kwimiba. Ukuxhatshazwa kweentlobo kuye kwaba yintlobo ye-fusion yezinto eziphikisanayo ezimbini, ezibandakanya iingcinga kunye nokucinga ngezinto eziphathekayo nezinto eziphathekayo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kumthandise kakhulu, kuba kulula kakhulu ukuba abantu bahambe ngokugqithiseleyo kunokuba bafune intsingiselo yegolide.

Ukuphefumula kunye nokuqonda

Umbuzo ongekho kuphela wobukhulu bomcimbi kunye nomoya uhlukanisa abacinga kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zefilosofi. Izikhokelo zaloo nzu lulwazi ziye zavela kwiingxabano malunga nendlela umntu afunda ngayo ihlabathi. Apha kwakukho izikolo ezimbini, ezithintela ngokucacileyo iimpembelelo zembono, kodwa azikwazi ukufakazela ngokucacileyo isikhundla sabo. Abaxhasi bendlela yokuqaphelisisa bathi ihlabathi elokuba umntu uyaqaphela ngokungathandabuzekiyo unobungqina buntu bakhe kunye nawo onke amava aye aqokelele.

Ukwahlukana ngumbono wefilosofi, isiseko sawo sabekwe nguDescartes. Abalandeli bakhe bakholelwa ukuba kwinkqubo yokuqonda ingqondo ecocekileyo yithatha inxaxheba, ingabandakanywa yimvakalelo kunye namava adlulileyo. Iingqungquthela zikholelwa ekubeni kukho lonke uchungechunge lweexioms, ezicacileyo kubo ukuba abadinga ubungqina.

Iifama zefilosofi, imilenze, izikolo, iimfundiso zaseChina

Ingqwalasela eyahlukileyo ifanele iChina, ngeendlela ezithandekayo zefilosofi, ezide zithandwa ngabantu abaseMbusweni ophakathi, kodwa nangaphezulu. Eyona edume kakhulu kubo yiBuddha. Wafika evela eIndiya waza wanda ngokukhawuleza emhlabathini ovundileyo. Ifundiso yeBuddha ifundisa ukuba ukudibanisa kwizinto ezinonophelo zehlabathi kunye nentlalo-ntle kubangela ukuthotywa komphefumlo wethu. Endaweni yoko, ubuBuddha bubonisa ukuba ukhethe indlela ephakathi, kwaye usebenzisa isicatshulwa esinokucamngca. Ngaloo ndlela, umntu unokukhusela ingqondo yakhe kwaye akhiphe iiminqweno ezithatha umphefumlo. Isiphumo somsebenzi ofanelekileyo kukukhulula okupheleleyo komphefumlo-nirvana.

I-Taoism ifana kakhulu neBuddhism, kuba zombini le mfundiso yayihamba ngesandla, ihlala ithonya. Ukhokho wakhe, uLook Tzu, wazisa loo mbono njengeTao. Ngaphantsi kweli gama elifutshane kunamaqela amaninzi. I-Tao ithetha zombini umthetho wehlabathi kunye nokuvisisana kwendalo yonke, kunye neyona nto yendalo yonke-amandla okudibanisa apho sonke sifike khona apho sibuyela khona emva kokufa. I-Taoists izama ukuhlala ngokuvisisana nendalo, ilandela inkambo yemvelo yezinto. Umphumo wobomi obunjalo uphelelwa ngokupheleleyo eTao.

Confucianism

Isikhokelo esithakazelisayo senfilosofi yaseTshayina nguConfucianism. Igama layo lingenxa yeConfucius. V-IV веках до нашей эры и служил чиновником при императоре. Wahlala kwiinkulungwane ze -V-IV BC waza wakhonza njengegosa phantsi komlawuli. Nangona ephakamileyo isikhundla sakhe, umculi waseTshayina ngaphezu kwayo yonke inceba nobubele. Waphikisana ukuba abantu kuphela abahloniphekileyo nabaziphatha kakuhle kufuneka bavunyelwe ukulawula urhulumente, omele ukhuthaze abantu ngomzekelo wabo. UConfucius wayechasene nenkqubo eqinileyo eyakhelwe ngobudlova nokunyanzeliswa.

Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeConucucian ukuthobeka kunye nenkonzo engaqinisekanga kulabo abaphakamileyo kwinqanaba lentlalo. I-Confucius yayingummiselo womyalelo, imikhosi kunye nezithethe. Iimbono zakhe zisasaziwa eChina, kwaye ezinye zazo ziye zadlula ngaphaya kwayo.

Iimfilosofi zanamhlanje

Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, isayensi iye yenza inyathelo enkulu. Inkolelo ezininzi zadalwa kwaye zafunyanwa, ezazitshintsha ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso omdala wehlabathi. Oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, kubonakaliswe kwingqiqo yanamhlanje yendalo yonke. Izindlela ezithandwa kakhulu kwifilosofi zanamhlanje zikhona kunye nefilosofi yokuhlalutya. Ukholo lwentlalo lugxininise kwisenzo esinobukho, ngokukhethekileyo kunye nokuyingqayizivele. Olu lathiso lugxile kwimbonakalo enembile yento yokwenene, kumava omzwe. Ummeli ocacileyo waloofilosofi unguJean-Paul Sartre.

Ifilosofi ye-Analytical igxile ekusebenziseni ulwazi. Kubalulekile kuyo ukuba inyaniso nganye inokuvavanywa ngamava. Abaxhamli belikolo banengqiqo kunye nokuchaneka, beshiya ezininzi iingcinga zefilosofi zakudala.

Ifilosofi kwimihla ngemihla

Uluntu ludale iifostile ezingenakubalwa, izikolo kunye nezikhokelo. Zizele ngokwemigqaliselo yamagama kunye neengqondo, ezenziwa ngobunzima babantu abaqhelekileyo. I-Plaque yokufunda, imfumba yamagama angaqondakaliyo kunye namagama aphakamileyo enza ifilosofi ininzi yezolawulo zenzululwazi, kufumaneke kuphela kubantu abanomdla obunenkani. Kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba ngamnye wethu ungumfilosofi. Ungesabi ukujoyina le nzu lulwazi. Ukuba uthanda ukucinga, inyaniso iya kuza kuwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungubani, uprofesa wefilosofi, umdlali webhola okanye i-locksmith.