Ingqiqo yefilosofi njengenzululwazi ekhethekileyo

Ingqiqo yefilosofi yavela kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye yayiquka umbono wezobugcisa kunye nehlabathi jikelele ngabafundi bezandla zamaGrike. Ngokuchasene nesimo sokucinga senkcubeko yexesha elidlulileyo kunye ne-Middle Ages, ukuqonda ukuqonda kwinto efana nale nzululwazi, ukuxhomekeka kolwazi oluchanekileyo kunye novavanyo oluchanekileyo lwesayensi. Iimbono zefilosofi yehlabathi, ebudeni bexesha elidlulileyo libuye lugqithise imathematika, i-astronomy kunye neenkwenkwezi, iingcamango ezisuka kwimihlaba ye-physics kunye ne-chemistry, yayiyimbono yomntu omnye okanye utitshala kunye nabafundi bakhe.

Ngako oko, ingqiqo yefilosofi yayisiseko seengcamango eziphambili malunga nehlabathi kunye nomntu, kunye nolwalamano phakathi koluntu kunye nendalo. Iimbono ezinjalo zivumela abantu ukuba baxhomekeke ngokufanelekileyo kwimimandla engqonge, ukukhuthaza izenzo zabo, ukuqonda iziganeko zangempela kunye nexesha elifanayo ukukhokelwa ngamanani ekhoneni ngamagugu athile kwimpucuko ethile.

Umbutho : Umgaqo woluntu kwifilosofi yiyona nxalenye ebalulekileyo yenzululwazi, kuba ubomi bomntu ngamnye abukwazi ukuthathwa njengento yodwa ebantwini. Iingcali zenzululwazi malunga neengqalelo zibhekiselele "kuluntu" njengemanyano kunye nentsebenziswano yabantu abajoyina iqela ngokuqaphela nangokuzithandela. Ngaloo ndlela, u-Aristotle wabiza umntu ngamnye "wezilwanyana zezopolitiko", unyanzelekile ukuba asebenzisane noburhulumente, apho ubudlelwane bakhelwe khona ngokomgaqo wokulawula nokuthotyelwa. Kwaye uPlato wayengumdlali wefilosofi wokuqala ukubeka ukutyelela ukuchazwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwanoma yiphina inqubo yoluntu apho indima yomntu omnye ihlala ingancinci.

Ezinye iingcamango : Iingcamango ezisisiseko zefilosofi ziquka uluhlu "umfanekiso wehlabathi", imida kunye namathuba okuqonda abantu, kunye neminye imiba. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yamandulo, abaphengululi bexesha elidala baqwalasela ngokukhethekileyo kwi-ontology, enokuthi ithathwe njengemfundiso eyahlukeneyo yokuba. Le ngcamango yefilosofi kwizikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo yayinokutolika kwayo, kwezinye iimfundiso zayo izibonelelo zisekelwe kukungenelela kukaThixo, kwaye abanye abaphengululi babeka phambili iingcinga eziphathekayo. Iingxaki zokuba, umfanekiso wobomi kunye nenjongo yokubakho kwehlabathi zaxutyushwa ngamaGrike asendulo, kwaye ngamnye wabo wafuna ukufumana ubungqina bokuba yingcamango yakhe.

U-Aristotle wayejongene nengxaki yokubonakala komntu, wayefuna ukubonakaliswa kobulumko bukaThixo kunye nobungqina bokungenelela kwemikhosi ephezulu kwizinto ezikhoyo, wabhekisela umba wokudala ihlabathi kwi-metaphysics. Iingcali zefilosofi zamaxesha anamhlanje ziye zafunda ingcamango yeengcali zefilosofi , nangona kunjalo, umbuzo wentsingiselo yokuba yayiyicatshulwa esecaleni kwiimfundiso zamandulo, kwaye abameli bezona zikolo kwiXVIII-XIX bekunakunyaniseki ukunyanzeliswa kwamanye amabutho asemhlabeni kwiziganeko ezenzeka eMhlabeni.

Ngekhulu le-XIX, imbono yefilosofi yayigxininise ngakumbi kwi-anthropology, kuba le nkalo ngelo xesha yayingekho isayensi eyahlukileyo. Lo mbandela wakhiwa ngokufunda iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zokuba ngumntu abaneemfuno zabo ezifuna ukwaneliseka. Ukuze ufumane okufunwayo, umntu uya kunyanzelwa ukuba akhule amakhono akhe, amvumele ukuba athuthuke ngokuzithemba kwiinjongo ezijoliswe kuyo.

Kwaye isazi senzululwazi uJoe Lotze, owayehlala kwiXesti yeXIX, phakathi kwezinto ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuthambekela komntu kwiqela elithile. Ubeka umlinganiselo wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha-yonqulo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, ulwazi lwezesayensi kunye nobutyebi phambili. Kule miqobo ixhomekeke kwiinkolelo kunye nokuziphatha komntu ngamnye umntu ofuna iinjongo zakhe zobomi kwaye ngokwakhe uncike kwilizwe elingokomoya okanye izinto eziphathekayo.