I-Voltaire: iingcinga eziphambili. Iingcamango zefilosofi zeVoltaire

NgoNovemba 21, 1694, unyana wazalelwa eParis kwintsapho yegosa. Le nkwenkwe yaqanjwa ngokuthi nguFrançois-Marie Arue (igama lobhaliso -Voltaire). Ufumene imfundo kwiikholeji yama-Jesuit. Yonke intsapho yayifuna umsebenzi osemthethweni kuVoltaire, kodwa wathatha iincwadi. UFrancois wakhetha i-satire, nangona kunjalo, ukuthanda kwakhe akuzange kuvunywe ngokunyanzeliswa, kuba wayengumvakatye rhoqo entolongweni ngenxa yeengoma zakhe.

Inkululeko yothando yayinguVoltaire, imibono kunye neengcamango zazibhekisiwe kwaye zixhatshazwa. Kwimbali wangena nje njengefilosofi edumileyo, umbhali, umbongi, umlwi onokuqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqha, ukunyaniseka, ukuvelela kweCawa yamaKatolika.

U-Voltaire waxoshwa eFransi waza wachitha iminyaka emininzi eNgilani, apho waqulunqa khona ihlabathi. Xa ebuyela ezweni lakubo, wabhala "Iincwadi ze-Philosophical", ngenxa yokubuyisa udumo. Ngoku abaninzi bebazi ukuba ngubani uVoltaire. Iingcamango zokukhanyisa ezakhankanywe kumsebenzi ukhankanywe apha ngasentla zaqulunqwa ngabaninzi kwiincwadi zembali kunye nefilosofi.

Umyalelo we-Feudal uFrançois wagxekwa kwindlela yokucinga. Wayefuna inkululeko kubo bonke abantu. Kwaye le ngcamango yayibindile. Oku kwaqondwa nguVoltaire ngokwakhe. Iingcamango ezisisiseko zenkululeko zancitshiswa ukuba zithembele kuphela kwimithetho, oku kuya kuba kuhle, njengoko ifilosofi ngokwakhe eyakholelwa. Nangona kunjalo, akazange aqonde ukulingana. U-Voltaire uthe akukho nto izahlula kwizityebi kunye nabampofu, oku akunakwenzeka. Wayejonga iRiphabhliki njengendlela efanelekileyo yekarhulumente.

UVoltaire wabhala zombini iprose nevesi. Cinga ngendalo yakhe.

Candide

Igama liguqulela ngokuthi "umhlophe omhlophe". Ibali libhalwa ngokukrakra noxilongo, kuyo iVoltaire ibonakalisa kwihlabathi lobundlobongela, ubuwula, ukubandlulula nokucinezelwa. Indawo eyoyikekayo ifilosofi imchasene neqhawe lakhe, onentliziyo enomdla, kunye nelizwe-utopia - i-Eldorado, leyo yayiyiphupha kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ze-Voltaire. Umsebenzi wawushicilelwe ngokungekho mthethweni, njengoko wawuvinjelwe eFransi. Lo msebenzi ngumhlobo wempendulo kumzabalazo weYurophu kunye namaJesuit. Ukukhuthazwa kwendalo yayo kwakuyiNyikima yaseLisbon.

"Orleans"

Lo mbongo uVoltaire wabhala. Iingcamango ezisisiseko (ngokufutshane, ngokuqinisekileyo) zabasebenzi zivakalisa iingcamango eziphambili zexesha le-New Age. Umsebenzi oyingqiqo kunye nobuhlungu obunikwe ubungqina, ngenxa yobuchule besitayela, wathintela uphuhliso olongezelelweyo lweengqungquthela zaseYurophu.

"Ibali likaCharles, uKumkani waseSweden"

Lo mbhalo obalaseleyo ubhaliwe malunga namakhosi omibini aseYurophu (uPetros Omkhulu noCarla). Umsebenzi uchaza umzabalazo phakathi kwabo. I-biography ethandwayo yombutho kaKumkani uCharles, iqhawe lasePoltava, licacile ngokucacileyo kwaye lichazwe ngombala nguVoltaire. Umsebenzi ofanelekileyo ochaphazela ubunzulu bomphefumlo. Ngesinye isikhathi umsebenzi wawuzisa udumo kuVoltaire.

"Inkosi yaseBhabhiloni"

Umsebenzi wokuqala, owawuyingxenye yomjikelezo weengxelo zefilosofi. Ingcamango ephambili: umntu uzalelwe ulonwabo, kodwa ubomi bunzima, kuba kufuneka ahlupheke.

I-Voltaire: iingcinga ezisisiseko, ngokufutshane malunga nolwalamano lwakhe noThixo

Ifilosofi emsebenzini wakhe wanikela indawo ekhethekileyo enqulo. Wayemela uThixo njengengqondo apho imithetho yemvelo ingaphantsi. I-Voltaire ayifuni ubungqina bobukho bukaSomandla. Wabhala: "Nguyena umdaka onokuphika ukukhoka kukaThixo, ingqondo ngokwayo ikholelwa ekubeni khona kwayo." Kubonakala kungenangqiqo kwifilosofi ukuba ihlabathi lonke lenziwa yedwa, kungekho ncamango okanye injongo. Uqinisekile ukuba iinjongo zomntu zibonisa ubungqina bukaThixo, osiphe amandla okucinga.

Iingcinga zefilosofi zeVoltaire ngonqulo zibuhlungu kwaye ziphikisana, kuzo, kunoko, ukholo oluyimfama ngaphezu kwesizathu. Ngokomzekelo, kutheni ubonakalisa ubukho bukaThixo, ukuba ubhala ukuba ayifuni isiqinisekiso? Uyabhala kwakhona ukuba uNdikhoyo wadala umhlaba kunye nombandela, kwaye ke, ngokucacileyo, ukhonjiswe ekucingeni kwakhe, uxela ukuba uThixo kunye nemeko ikhona ngenxa yobume bezinto.

Ifilosofi kwimibhalo yakhe ithi akukho sikolo kwaye akukho mbambano eya kumenza aqiniseke ngokholo. Lowo wayeyi-Voltaire ozinikeleyo. Iimbono eziphambili kwinqanaba lezenkolo libiliswe kwi-fanatics inobungozi kakhulu kunokuba bakholelwa kuThixo, ekubeni le nto yokugqibela ayifuni "iingxabano ezigazini". I-Voltaire yayingenxa yokholo, kodwa wayithandabuza inkolo, ngenxa yokuba wabelane naye. Abakholelwa kuThixo, ngenxa yeyona nto ininzi, bazinzululwazi ezingafanelekanga, ukukhishwa kwintsapho eyaqala nje ngenxa yabo baxhaswa yiyo, isebenzisa ukholo ngokungenanto, iinjongo zobuntu.

Kwiincwadi zakhe, uVoltaire ulungelelanisa ukungakholelwa kuThixo, nangona ebhala ukuba oku kuyingozi kumbono. Ifilosofi inesiqiniseko sokuba uluntu lwabantu abangakholwayo luya kuhlala luvuyayo, lukhokelwa kuphela yimithetho kunye nokuziphatha, kunokuba baxhatshazileyo, banokumangaliswa yintliziyo.

Isizathu sihlala singakholelwa kuThixo, kuba abaxhasi banqatshelwe. Ngamandla okucinga ukuba umntu uhlale emela uVoltaire kwindawo yokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, ifilosofi ithatha ukungakholelwa kuThixo njengobungendawo obuncinane, ngelixa lihlala likholwa kuThixo, kodwa ligcina ingqondo yomntu. "Ukuba kwakungenabo uThixo, kwakuza kufuneka yenziwe," kusho uVoltaire, ngokufutshane mfutshane le ntetho ibonisa isikhundla sefilosofi, yonke imfuneko yokholo.

Iingcamango malunga nomvelaphi wehlabathi

Ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo kweVoltaire akunjalo ngokoqobo. Inyaniso kukuba ifilosofi inxalenye nje yabelana ngale ngcamango. I-Voltaire kwimisebenzi yakhe izama ukucinga ngombandela kwaye ifike kwisigqibo malunga nokuphakade kwayo, ehambelana nemibono yabathengisi bezinto eziphathekayo, kodwa akuzona zonke iinkalo zeemfundiso zabo ezabelwana nguFrançois-Marie. Kwakhona akaqwalasela umba oyintloko, ekubeni wadalwa nguThixo, kodwa indawo engenanto iyimfuneko yokuba khona kweNkosi.

I-Voltaire, iicatshulwa zazo zizaliswe ngobulumko ("Ihlabathi liphela xa kukho indawo engenanto"), ngoko uyathetha ngale ndlela: "Ngoko, umcimbi ukhona kubangelwa yinto ebangelwayo."

Akukho nto eyenzekayo (Voltaire). Izicaphulo zalo mntu zivumela ukuba ucinge. Ngokwezimvo zefilosofi, umba uphuthumayo, kuba nguThixo owenza oko. Le ngcamango yayibubungqina bobukho beNkosi.

Iingcamango zikaVoltaire (ngokufutshane) isigwebo sakhe ngomphefumlo

Ifilosofi inamathele kwiimbono zabantu abazizinto ezibonakalayo kule miba. U-Voltaire wenqatshelwe ukuba abantu baqulethe iimbini ezibini - umoya kunye nemeko, ehambelana nomnye kuphela ngentando kaThixo. Ifilosofi ikholelwa ukuba umzimba unembopheleleko yokucinga, kungekhona umphefumlo, ngoko ke, oku kufana nokufa. "Ukukwazi ukuvakalelwa, khumbula, ukukhumbula - kwaye kukho into ebizwa ngokuba ngumphefumlo," - inomdla kakhulu uVoltaire. Iingcaphuno zalo zifuna ukwazi, kubalulekile ukucinga.

Ngaba umoya ufile?

Umphefumlo wefilosofi akanalo isakhiwo senyama. Le nyaniso yachaza ngento yokuba asiyikucinga rhoqo (umzekelo, xa silala). Akazange akholelwe ekutshintsheni kwemiphefumlo. Enyanisweni, ukuba ngaba kunjalo, ngoko, ukuhamba, umoya ungasindisa lonke ulwazi oluqokelelweyo, iingcamango, kodwa oku akunjalo. Kodwa ke isazi sefilosofi sigxininisa ukuba umphefumlo unikwe nguThixo, njengomzimba. Ookuqala, ngombono wakhe, uyafa (akazange aqinisekise).

Ngaba izinto zokomoya

UVoltaire wabhala ntoni kulo mbuzo? Ukucinga akuyona nto, kuba ayinayo impahla efana nayo, umzekelo, ayikwazi ukwahlukana.

Imvakalelo

Imvakalelo yefilosofi ibaluleke kakhulu. U-Voltaire ubhala ukuba sithola ulwazi kunye neengcamango ezivela kwihlabathi langaphandle, kodwa ke iimvakalelo ezisinceda kule nto. Umntu akanalo imigaqo kunye neengcamango zangasese. Ukuqonda okungcono kwehlabathi kufuneka ukuba usebenzise iintlobo ezininzi, ngoko uVoltaire akholelwa. Iingcamango eziphambili zefilosofi zakhiwa ngolwazi lwento eyayifumaneka kuye. UFrancois wafunda iimvakalelo, iingcinga, inkqubo yokucinga. Abaninzi babengazange bacinge ngemicimbi. U-Voltaire akazami ukuchazela kuphela, kodwa ukuqonda okoqobo, indlela yokwenza iimvakalelo kunye neengcamango.

Ukucamngca ebomini, imigaqo kunye nesakhiwo sokwenza umdla kaVoltaire, ukunyanzeliswa ukunyusa ulwazi lwabo kule mimandla. Iimbono zalesi ndoda zazizincembe kakhulu kwixesha awazalelwa ngalo. Ifilosofi ikholelwa ukuba ubomi buqulethwe ziintlungu kunye nokuzonwabisa. Izenzo zabantu zikhokelwa ngokuqhelekileyo. Abambalwa bathambekele ekucingeni ngezenzo zabo, kwaye bakwenza "kwiimeko ezizodwa". Uninzi lwezenzo ezibonakala ngathi zibangelwa yingqondo nemfundo zihlala zizikhokelo zomntu. Abantu abakwizinga elingaphantsi kwengqondo banqwenela ukuzonwabisa, ngaphandle koko, ngokuqinisekileyo, ngubani ofuna ukuzonwabisa okungcolileyo. Zonke izenzo zikaVoltaire zichazwe ngothando kuye. Nangona kunjalo, uFrancois akayibongozeli i-vice, ngokuchaseneyo, ubona ububele ukunyangwa kwezifo zesazela. Ukwahlula abantu kwiindidi ezimbini:

- Abantu abathandanayo kuphela (i-rabble epheleleyo).

- Abo bazincama izinto zabo ngenxa yoluntu.

Umntu uhluke kwizilwanyana ekusebenziseni ebomini kungekhona nje kuphela, kodwa nangokuziphatha, isihawu, umthetho. Ezi zigqibo zenziwe nguVoltaire.

Iingcamango eziphambili zefilosofi zilula. Umntu akakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwemithetho, kuba ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso, uluntu luya kulahleka ukubonakala kwalo olufanelekileyo kwaye lubuyele ekubuyiseni. Ukholo, ifilosofi isisa ilitye lembombo, ekubeni ilungelo alinamandla okulwa nolwaphulo-mfihlo, kwaye isazela sinokumisa, kuba umlindi ongabonakaliyo, akanakukufihla kuyo. U-Voltaire wayoloko ekwabelana ngeengcamango zokholo nenkolo, ngaphandle kokuqala, akazange abonise ukuba khona koluntu ngokupheleleyo.

Iingcamango malunga noorhulumente

Kwenzeka ukuba imithetho ayigqibekanga, kwaye umlawuli akahlali ngokulindelekileyo kwaye akafezekisi ukuthanda kwabantu. Emva koko uluntu lumele uxanduva, kuba luvumelekile. Unqulo lukaThixo emfanekisweni wenkosi, uVoltaire, wayeyicinga njengesicwengekileyo, esasiyibindi ngeli xesha. Ifilosofi yathi ukudalwa kweNkosi akunakukunqulwa ngokulinganayo nomdali.

Lo yiVoltaire. Iingcamango eziphambili zendoda zingathandabuzeki ukuphuhlisa uluntu.