UThales: Ifilosofi ukusuka kwindlela yokujonga indlela yendalo

Inzala yamandulo iThales, ifilosofi yayo isacatshulwa kwiiyunivesithi emhlabeni jikelele, yazalwa ngo-620 BC. Esixekweni saseMileto e-Ionia. U-Aristotle, osebenza kuyo yonke imfundiso yeThales, wachaza umfundi wakhe njengomntu wokuqala ukuba afunde imigaqo-siseko kunye nemibuzo yemvelaphi yezinto eziphathekayo. Ngaloo ndlela, umcingeli waseMiletti waba ngukhokho wesikolo sefilosofi. UThales wayenomdla phantse wonke umntu, efunda onke amasebe olwazi olwaziwayo: ifilosofi, imbali, i-sciences yemvelo, imathematika, ubunjineli, i-geography kunye nezopolitiko. Ubeka phambili iingcamango ezichaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemvelo, umcimbi oyintloko, inkxaso yendalo yomhlaba kunye nezimbangela zeenguqu kwihlabathi. UThales waseMileto, owakhe ifilosofi eyakhonza njengomthombo weemfundiso ezininzi ze-fund, wazinikela ubomi bakhe kuphela ekufundeni ihlabathi elijikelezileyo ngokusebenzisa i-prism ye-cognition yezesayensi-wayesebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwiimfundiso zeenkwenkwezi zezinto zeenkwenkwezi kunye nokuvelisa iinkcazelo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo zendalo, ngokukodwa ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zakhe zendalo, Ukungafani kwamandla angaphandle.

Kwayabulela kule ndoda ukuba isayensi yeenkwenkwezi yakudala yeGrike yavela, inzululwazi izama ukukwazi nokuchaza ngokucacileyo yonke into eyenzekayo esibhakabhakeni esikude. Ngelo xesha, iThales yaqatshelwa njengengcali entsha; Wandulula ngokukhawuleza ukukhangwa kwimbono yemikhosi kaThixo waza waqalisa ukuxhasa indlela yesayensi yolwazi lwendalo yonke. I-Thinker yasungula isikolo seMiletus ye-Natural Philosophy kwaye yaba ngumntu onamandla kumhlaba wasendulo.

Amanzi ngumgaqo oyintloko

U-Aristotle wachaza ubulumko njengolwazi lwemigaqo ethile kunye nezizathu. Ukufunda kwakhe kobulumko, waqala ngemisebenzi yabacinga abaye basebenza phambi kwakhe, kwaye into yokuqala yokufunda u-Aristotle yaba yimigaqo yokwakha ihlabathi, eyamlandela uThales waseMiletus. Ifilosofi yongaphambili yenze uAristotle acinge ngendima yemvelo kwindalo. UThales wayekholelwa ukuba indawo yonke imanzi, "archa," umgaqo-siseko, into ebonakalayo. Nangona uPlato no-Aristotle baqulunqa isigama esineziqhamo ezintsha, lo mbhalo wabhala iimfundiso zomcwaningi waseMilesi ngamazwi uThales ngokwakhe awasebenzisa kwixesha elifanayo. Kuyaziwa ukuba u-Aristotle wayengathandabuzeki ngokuchanekileyo kokumandulela kwakhe, kodwa xa edibanisa izizathu kunye neengxabano ezixhasa ezi mfundiso, waqala ukuqaphela.

Mythology

Abanye bakholelwa ukuba iimbono zeendoda zisekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo zamaGrike okanye zaseMpumalanga. Nangona kunjalo, le ngcamango iphosakeleyo. UThales, ifilosofi yakhe yakudala yayicatshulwa njenge-ultra-modern, ngokukhawuleza yashiya isithethe kwaye yayeka ukuthembela iingxabano ezisekelwe kumxholo wesiganeko.

Mhlawumbi wayesazi ngokuqinisekisiwe kukaHomer ukuba abaxhamli bezendalo zendalo, kodwa uThales akazange akholwe ukuba beothixo abaye bahlela okanye balawula i-cosmos. Ukufunda ingcamango yamanzi njengento yokuqala yezinto zonke, u-Aristotle wachaza ukuba iimbono zakhe zangaphambili zifana neenkolelo zendabuko, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba ifilosofi yakudala yamaGrike yeThales ixhomekeke kwiingcamango. Indoda evela eMileto yayibonakaliswa ingaphelelwa yisikhathi kwaye iyingqapheli, kodwa intsha, imbonakalo engavamile, ngokubhekiselele kwindlela kamva inzululwazi kwindlela yokufunda ngeziganeko zendalo. Kungenxa yoko uAristotle waqonda uThales njengomsekeli wefilosofi yemvelo.

Iingcamango ezisisiseko

Ingxaki yobume beenguqu kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo zibe zigidi zezinto, apho indalo yenziwe khona, inomdla bonke abaxhamli bemvelo. Ezi zilandelayo zaquka uThales waseMileto. Ifilosofi, eyancitshisa ngokufutshane umgaqo-siseko "yonke into ngamanzi", ichaza ukuba zonke izinto zizalwe njani kumanzi kwaye zibuyela ekubunjweni kwazo koqobo kunye nesimo. Ngaphezu koko, uThales wathi amanzi anako ukutshintsha izigidi zezinto ezenza iphela, kuquka i-botanical, i-physiological, imeteorological and geological aspects. Naliphi na inkqubo yokuhamba nge-cyclic isekelwe ukuguqulwa kwamanzi.

Isiseko sobufakazi

Kwakudala ngaphambi kokuvela kweengcamango ezisisiseko zeThales, abantu baqala ukwenza i-metallurgy yokuqala, ngoko ifilosofi wayesazi kakuhle ukuba ubushushu busenokubuyisela isinyithi kwilizwe elityayo. Amanzi aqala utshintsho olusisigxina kunamanye amaqhosha, kwaye nanini na ixesha lingafunyanwa kwizinto ezintathu: amanzi, umphunga kunye neqhwa. Ubungqina obunzulu bokuthi iThales, njengendoda kunye nookhokho befilosofi yakudala, yayikuqinisekisa ukuba imbono yakhe kukuba amanzi, azinzima, angenza umhlaba. Isixeko saseMiletta sasimi kwindawo engqongqo, apho, ngokuhamba kwexesha - ngokoqobo ukusuka emlambo wamanzi - isiqithi sakhula. Ngoku amanxuwa e sixeko esiliqhamo sineekhilomitha ezili lishumi ukusuka kummandla wonxweme, kwaye esi siqithi sele siyingxenye yelitye elivundisayo. Kwiibhanki zeTigris, i-Ewufrathe kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, i-Nile, omnye unokubona umfanekiso ofanayo: amanzi ahlanza kancane umhlaba, kwaye abacamngca bacinga ukuba umhlaba uvela kumanzi. UThales, ifilosofi yakhe isekelwe kwiinkqubo zendalo, wayekholelwa ngomgaqo owodwa: amanzi anakho ukudala nokondla i-cosmos yonke.

Ukukholisa ingcamango

Ayaziwa ukuba umcangci ngokwakhe ngokwakhe uchaze njani ingcamango yokungabikho kwamandla onke, njengoko imisebenzi yakhe ebhaliweyo yayingagcinwanga, kwaye ubuninzi bobuninzi bobubungqina bunikwe kamva ngu-Aristotle. Kucingelwa ukuba indlela ephezulu yokukholisa yayiyinto yokuba uThales, oboofilosofi ngelo xesha babonakala beyiphumelelo lokwenene yolwazi, nguye owokuqala ukukhanyela ukubandakanyeka koothixo baseOlimpiki ekudalweni kwehlabathi.

Ukuziphendulela

Kuphela ngo-1769 inkolelo yokuba amanzi avelisa umhlaba wasasazwa ngumhloli we-Antoine Lavoisier. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, i-idea ye-generation of matter yangokuthi yahlukunyezwa nguLouis Pasteur.