Ifilosofi kohlaziyo njengenxalenye inkcubeko yaseNtshona kwenkulungwane yama-20

ifilosofi zicazulule ithe yavela kule nkulungwane yama-20 kumazwe Western indlela entsha bulumko, nto leyo ithetha kalukhuni kokusetyenziswa amagama athile, ugxininise inkqubo yokuqiqa, ukungathembani yokuqiqa lentelekelelo. Ingakumbi ngokubanzi olu hlobo yokucinga ifumene kumazwe afana eNgilani, eOstreliya, USA. trend yohlalutyo bulumko wavela kutshanje kuncwadi Russian, kodwa kule minyaka ingama-80 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Wabaseki intsingiselo bulumko ithathwa George Moore kunye Bertrand Russell, inspirer yayo yembono - umbhali edume "ibhrodibhendi ibhrowudibhendi" Lyudviga Vitgenshteyna.

Ezona mpawu ezintathu ezingundoqo bulumko yohlalutyo zezi:

• reductionism Iilwimi ukuzisa zonke iingxaki ezikhoyo kwi-bulumko iingxaki zolwimi;
• imbaxa methodological, nto leyo ethetha inkcaso kuzo zonke indlela ezikhoyo yohlalutyo ukuze imisinga kwinkulungwane yama-20 ka ingcamango bulumko;
• uphawu lwemvakalo-lwesemantiki, oko kukuthi, bebekelwa ingqalelo kwingxaki lwamaxabiso.

Kohlaziyo intanda kwinkulungwane yama-20 - isikakhulu bulumko lolwimi. Ukungaqondi ngenxa iimpazamo ngolwimi, ubumbaxa amabinzana kunye namabinzana, ngokutsho abahlalutyi - abalandeli umbono omtsha bulumko zezona sizathu siphambili ukuvela nophuhliso bulumko "omdala". Ngokutsho Wittgenstein, umsebenzi engundoqo bulumko kukwakha onjalo efanelekileyo ngokwemiqathango ekuqondeni ulwimi, nto leyo iza kunceda ukusombulula kwiinkulungwane ekhoyo iingxoxo bulumko malunga ingqondo umntu, iinqobo kunye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Kungenxa bulumko zicazulule kwinqanaba ekuqaleni yalo semthethweni lolwimi kwaye lugqibelele neempawu zayo ubhalo. Isisombululo sale ngxaki ababandakanyekayo abalandeli Wittgenstein, URudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ingcamango ukuzisa ulwimi bafezeke yayo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu esiphelweni, kunye zobulumko, oko waqonda ukuba ubukho ulwimi ofezekileyo nangona kuvumelekile, kodwa akusoloko kwenzeke. Umzekelo, ulwimi engqongqo zezibalo akwamkelekanga kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kwaye ngokunjalo ngakumbi xa ubhala iincwadi non zenzululwazi-, ingakumbi imibongo.

Banesifo zenkulungwane yama-20 ingqalelo ixesha elibalulekileyo inzululwazi yentanda kwanabacazululi. Yaba ngeli xesha Lyudvig Vitgenshteyn babuya ekuthinjweni self-ebekwe (ngaphezu kweminyaka 6 wasebenza nje ootitshala elula emaphandleni kwimimandla Alps) eCambridge. Apha ngokukhawuleza oko kwasekwa isangqa abalandeli amadodana theory yokucinga yohlalutyo. iingcamango ezintsha eziqulathwe kwincwadi ebizwa ngokuba "Uphando zefilosofi". Lo msebenzi waye umsebenzi zokugqibela zobomi sobulumko bakhe, wasebenza kuyo de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1951.

kuphuhliswa ngakumbi bulumko yohlalutyo waba imisebenzi Gilbert Ryle, umbhali we "zento bulumko", "Udidi" kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ingxaki engundoqo apho umbhali kuphakamisa kwiincwadi zakhe, nguye lo mbuzo ulula: "Yintoni eyenza umbuzo yentanda-bulumko na?" Impendulo siyifumana yokuba eyona njongo iphambili intanda njengokuba isayensi "elandisa" iimpazamo categorical neendawo uhlobo ezikrelekrele. Ezivele kule ukungaqondani zisonjululwe ngokuthi ibanike iindidi ezahlukeneyo ubhalo lwengqiqo ngokoMthetho.

intanda zicazulule kunye izimvo zalo nempembelelo ephawulweyo kuphuhliso bulumko xa iyonke kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le ndawo yokuba bulumko sele trend yenkcubeko ebanzi, indawo esisiseko isekhona strong in ezininzi kumazwe IsiNgesi abathetha.