Yamachiza eSoviet Igor Kurchatov: engobomi, olunomdla, iifoto

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich waba nguyise ishishini samandla enyukliya Soviet. Wadlala indima ephambili ekuyileni nophuhliso lwamandla yenyukliya enoxolo ekupheleni 1940 kwakhokelela uphuhliso ezabo yokuqala Soviet atomic.

Eli nqaku lichaza ngokufutshane indlela ubomi yamachiza eSoviet Igor Kurchatov. Biography abantwana ziya kuba ngakumbi umdla.

yemvelo young

January 12, 1903 kwidolophana Simsk Plant (ngoku SIM) kwi Urals wazalwa Igor Kurchatov. ubuzwe bakhe - Russian. Uyise, Vasily (1869-1941), ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ndandisebenza wehlathi womncedisi unocanda komhlaba. Umama, uMariya Vasilevna Ostroumova (1875-1942), intombi yombingeleli wasekuhlaleni. Igor waba yesibini wabantwana abathathu: udade wabo Antonina yaba omdala, kunye umzalwana wakhe, Boris - alala.

Ngowe-1909, emva kokuba intsapho yakowabo yafudukela Simbirsk Simbirsk waqalisa ukufunda kwindawo yokwenza umthambo, apho Igor waphumelela kwisikolo sabaqalayo. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, emva kokuba sifudukele eCrimea ngenxa nobume bempilo koodade, Kurchatov yadluliselwa Simferopol yokuzilolonga. Ekuqaleni, lo mfana wenza kakuhle phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zezifundo, kodwa emva elivisayo ndifunde incwadi physics nobunjineli, physics wakhetha umsebenzi yobomi bakhe. Ngowe-1920, lo gama ukusebenza ngexesha lasemini ukufunda esikolweni ebusuku, Igor waphumelela Izabelo Simferopol kunye imbasa yegolide. Kulo nyaka mnye wangena University Tauride.

inkululeko isenzo

Igor Kurchatov (photo ibonisa kamva kweli nqaku) wayengomnye intle kweli isebe physics nakwimathematika. Inkqubela isifundo, yena kunye nomnye umfundi wabeka ophetheyo kwiyunivesithi physics elebhu kwaye anikwe ukulawula ukuba baqhube imifuniselo. Ukusuka kwezi amalinge okuqala Kurchatov wafunda ukubaluleka nokuqonda intsingiselo ubungqina reseach ukuxhasa imbono yenzululwazi, nto leyo iluncedo kakhulu kwizifundo zakhe phambili. Ngowe-1923, Igor waphumelela eyunivesithi abanesidanga physics, apase ikhosi yeminyaka emine kwiminyaka emithathu.

Ukuqhubeka ku Petrograd

Ukufika kungekudala Petrograd, wangena Polytechnic Institute ukuba abe ngokomakhi yomkhosi. Njengoko e Simferopol, Kurchatov kwafuneka asebenze nzima ukuze bazixhase baze bafunde. Waye wavuma ukuba Magnitometeorologicheskuyu Observatory e Pavlovsk, elathi ukuba baziphilise enze into ayithandayo. Ekubeni umsebenzi Observatory waqala ukuthatha ixesha elininzi, Kurchatov emva kwizifundo zabo zesimesta yesibini ndaziphosa Institute. Ukususela ngoko, wagqiba ukunikela ingqalelo physics.

Emva emsebenzini, umphandi kwi Baku Polytechnic Institute 1924-1925 gg. Igor Kurchatov kokuba kuchaziwe kwi-Physical-Technical Institute eLeningrad, emi phambili isifundo of physics nobuchwepheshe kwe xesha USSR. Kwangaxeshanye, yena ngo-1927 watshata Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova yaye wayesebenza esiphezulu e isebe physics ngomatshini le iLeningrad Polytechnic kunye zokufundisa Institute. Apha wachitha iminyaka yakhe intle kwaye yenze obafunyanwa yakhe ebalulekileyo.

Igor Kurchatov: ibhayografi emfutshane sisazinzulu

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1920 - 1930 Kurchatov waba nomdla kwinto yokuba koko kwathiwa ferroelektrichestva - ukufunda iimpawu kunye neempawu zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo phantsi yesenzo yangoku yombane. Ezi zifundo kukhokelele kuphuhliso semiconductors yaye wasondela ingqalelo yakhe physics zenyukliya. Emva kokuba ukuhlola kokuqala kunye beryllium imitha, iintlanganiso kunye nembalelwano kunye uvulindlela kwale nzululwazi Frederikom Zholio ngo-1933 Kurchatov waqalisa umsebenzi echumayo ukunqanda amandla atom. Kunye nezinye abaphandi, kuquka Boris umzalwana, wenza impumelelo isifundo nuclei isomeric, izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo bromine eqhumayo ilifa ubunzima efanayo kunye nokwakhiwa kodwa abe neempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Lo msebenzi kwakhokelela inkqubela ukuqondwa kwesakhiwo atom uluntu yenzululwazi eSoviet.

Ngelo xesha linye (1934-1935). Kurchatov kunye oososayensi evela Institute of Radium (umbutho yesayensi neyokufundisa esekwe kwi-USSR njengoko ukulingiswa kwamaziko ezifanayo onguvulindlela esekelwe ekufundeni radiation Mariey Kyuri eFransi kunye Poland) wenza neutron uphando, cala yamasuntswana eathom malunga neyathi kancinane eyaziwa ngelo xesha. Neutron ne amandla aphezulu esetyenziselwa bombardment radioactive lama-atom, ezifana uranium, ukuba ukwahlula-atom nangexesha ngeeatom, ukukhulula oluninzi amandla.

isixhobo Wonder

Ngo-1930, abaphandi ezifana Joliot, uEnrico Fermi, uRobert Oppenheimer nabanye baye baqonde ukuba indlela wenyukliya unyango olufanelekileyo zingasetyenziswa ukwenza ukuqhushumba kwamandla ibonwe Uyadubula. Kurchatov njengomnye elihamba phambili yenyukliya eSoviet yayigqalwa i de facto inkokeli ngophando kunye nokulinga kule ndawo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukungabikho kwezibonelelo kunye nomoya ingcinezelo kwezopolitiko olawulo kaStalin elo xesha, eSoviet Union kwasilela emva lonke elugqatsweni ukuze zilawule le atom.

comrade elibukhali

Iindaba malunga kuvulwa ngo-1938 of ngokucandeka yenyukliya ekhemisi German Otto Ganom kunye Fritz Strassmann ngokukhawuleza kwalutyhutyha uluntu ngezizwe zesayensi. ESoviet Union iindaba kwabangela ixhala kunye nenkxalabo malunga izicelo kule ezifunyanwa kunokwenzeka.

Ngo-1930 emva kwexesha, yamachiza kwiSoviet Igor Kurchatov, ifoto ibekwe kweli nqaku, iqela labaphandi eLeningrad wenza impumelelo abasabela enyukliya izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive of thorium neyuranium. Ngowe-1940, ababini oogxa bakhe ngokucandeka of uranium Isotope ngempazamo yafunyanwa kwaye phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe babhala, inqaku elifutshane ngayo kuhlelo American of "Physical Review", apho ngelo xesha amaphephancwadi zobunzululwazi ezikhokelela ukupapasha amanqaku malunga nenkqubela kuphando yenyukliya.

Emva kweeveki eziliqela silindile, Igor Kurchatov elaqalisa impendulo ukukhangela iimpapasho yangoku ukufunda iindaba yemifuniselo phezu ngokucandeka le ngumongo. Ngenxa yoko, wafumanisa ukuba iijenali zemfundo American akukho kuphinda ukupapasha data efana esuka embindini ka-1940 Kurchatov ingxelo kwinkokheli eSoviet ukuba eUnited States ukuphendula usongo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye esqwini eJamani-Italy-Japan, mhlawumbi lokwenza iinzame zokuziphucula ukwakha ibhombu atomic. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kukuqinisa yophando eSoviet Union. Leningrad laboratory Kurchatov yaba liziko ezi nzame.

Demagnetization of the Black Sea Fleet

Promotion of amajoni aseJamani waya kummandla we-USSR ngoJulayi 1941 inciphise inani kwezibonelelo ezikhoyo onke amacandelo eSoviet Union, kuquka nezesayensi. Uninzi abaphandi kunye yemvelo Kurchatov bamiselwa ukujongana imisebenzi ngoku emkhosini, waza waya ukuqeqesha oomatiloshe e Sevastopol demagnetize iinqanawa ukujongana nemigodi ngemagnethi.

Ngo-1942 iinzame intelligence yiSoviet eUnited States kungqinwe yi kukuba i "Project Manhattan" wenza inkqubela kuphuhliso izixhobo zenyukliya. Ngesicelo izazinzulu nabezopolitiko Igor Kurchatov ukuba abize Sevastopol waza wamiselwa ingcibi oyintloko weZiko uphuhliso ngeeatom kolawulo. kamva Eli ziko wayeza kuba intliziyo Soviet Institute of Atomic Energy.

yokufika Rosenberg

I-Institute iye wakha iqela Kurchatov cyclotron kunye nezinye izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela ulawulo reactor yenyukliya. Emva kokuba uvavanyo ngempumelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa eUnited States ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, le iziqhushumbisi atom eSoviet Union ukuqinisa iinzame ukuthintela US usongo zenyukliya. NgoDisemba 27, 1946 Kurchatov kunye neqela lakhe wakha reactor zenyukliya zokuqala eYurophu. Kuyenzeka ukuba ufumane i-Isotope of neplutoniyam efunekayo ukwenza izixhobo zenyukliya. September 29, 1949, yaqhuba uvavanyo ngempumelelo ezabo atom, eSoviet Union ingene ngokusesikweni yobudala yenyukliya. NgoNovemba 1952, kuthwalelwa phandle kukuqhushumba the American hydrogen, leyo amaxesha amaninzi enamandla ngakumbi, yaye ngoAgasti 12, 1953 yabalasela mpumelelo ezinjalo eSoviet Union.

Emva kokudala izixhobo zenyukliya Kurchatov wakhokela intshukumo ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi yiSoviet kwi ukusetyenziswa esinoxolo atom. Wanceda yokwakha izityalo amandla enyukliya. Ngowe-1951 Kurchatov walungelelanisa enye iinkomfa lokuqala senyukliya eSoviet Union yaye kamva yaba yinxalenye yeqela, leyo Juni 27, 1954 laqalisa isityalo yokuqala senyukliya eSoviet Union.

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich: Interesting Facts

yamachiza eNyukliya wayethandwa kakhulu unendima izangqa Isigqibo urhulumente waseSoviet. Ukongeza lobulungu of the Academy of Sciences waseUSSR, waba izihlandlo ezithathu uHero Socialist wezaBasebenzi, yaba usekela leBhunga Ephakamileyo ngumpolitiki ohloniphekileyo. italente yakhe njengenkokheli phantse iyafana italente zenzululwazi wamvumela ukuba akhokele ngempumelelo le mibutho ngakumbi esikhulu.

Kurchatov waye kakhulu otsenon oogxa bakhe kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ngamazwe. Frederic Joliot-Curie, i-Nobel Prize ngenxa yomsebenzi oqhamayo kule ndawo ixesha elide wagcina imbalelwano kunye naye. Ekupheleni kuka-1950 Kurchatov inxaxheba kwiinkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe amandla enyukliya kunye, kunye nezinye izazinzulu ebizwa ngokuba umlomo emhlabeni izixhobo zenyukliya. Kwakhona bakhuthaza ukuba ukuvalwa uvavanyo komoya. Ngowe-1963, i-eSoviet Union kunye United States asayina isivumelwano sokuluvala nokuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya phakathi emoyeni, isithuba bangaphandle phantsi kwamanzi.

ukusetyenziswa Civil amandla enyukliya, uphando kwaye yaphuhliswa phantsi kokukhokelwa Kurchatov, kuquka amandla (yokuqala eyathi yasungulwa ngo-1954), ezi icebreaker zenyukliya-enikwe "uLenin". Kwakhona nophando olujoliswe Scientist fusion, uziphathe kuthetha asakhasayo ukuba singaqulatha plasma kwamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu kufuneka ukuba ukuqala nokonga inkqubo yokuqaphela in a reactor nokumanyana.

Practices kunokuba theoretical

Emva imivimbo ezimbini ngo-1956 no-1957. Kurchatov umhlala-phantsi emsebenzini esebenzayo, lo gama kuthathelwa ukuzibandakanya physics zenyukliya, kwakunye uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo inani lezityalo zamandla enyukliya Soviet. Februwari 7, 1960 eMoscow, kuthiwa wafa ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo, Igor Kurchatov.

Biography of sisazinzulu wawungapheleliselwanga projekthi, awayisungulela ubomi bakhe bonke. Umsebenzi wakhe yeengcingane ebaluleke gqitha, kuphela yesibini ngokubanzi kwasilela emva imisebenzi oovulindlela physics wenyukliya kwinkulungwane XX ekuqaleni. Kuphela isicelo of nethiyori practice, kuveze ukubaluleka imisebenzi yayo.

ziphumelele

yamachiza Soviet Igor Kurchatov wahlala kwaye wasebenza zengcinezelo kwaye bhe umoya ithekhinoloji Iosifa Stalina urhulumente. Wakwazi ukuba babuthe iqela izazinzulu engekenziwa neemeko ezinzima yaye ngenkani kwaye, kananjalo, ukuba susumetela ezi iingcali ukwenza ezobugcisa, enemveliso. Wakwazi ukuba ahlale kwi izisa elungileyo yaye ukugqiba ngexesha uthe kaStalin zobunkokheli eziliqela yenzululwazi kunye bezopolotiko belizwe kunye ngaxeshanye abeke phambili iimfuno zabo.

Utitshala yiSakharov kaThixo

Kurchatov kwaba zonke akhawunti izazinzulu abazinikeleyo abo bakholwayo yokuba eyona ndawo ifanelekileyo onokufundela uphuhliso kunye nokuvavanywa beengcamango enyama na elabhoratri. Ngenxa kule Isazinzulu practical-nye waphefumlela isizukulwana lonke zesayensi Soviet imigaqo yayo nesigama kugqitha ngokuyinyibilikisa zenkqubo yokuyila. Waba utitshala izazinzulu ezininzi kakhulu, kuquka yamachiza zenyukliya Andreya Saharova.

Igor Kurchatov wanceda ilizwe bakhe ukuba bangene ixesha uzobe olwenziwe kwisiqingatha zokugqibela zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kwasekwa umgca kabini amandla atom eSoviet Union. Ukuba ingqalelo ekudaleni izixhobo kuphela, noxolo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliye (enyukliya mhlawumbi kwakamsinya wabonakala amandla).