Nitrate ubhedu: iimpawu quantitative and qualitative

Igama elithi "nitrate" ithetha ityuwa chemistry ezaziwayo-kakuhle nitric acid, eliquka yinxalenye NO3 kakubi ityala. Xa mineralogy nolimo nangoku rhoqo kakhulu kusetyenziswa ezinye nitrate nolwabiwo - "nitrate", kodwa nantsi ebegqwese indawo igama yenzululwazi kakhulu gwe.

Ukuqwalasela iimpawu yemichiza esisiseko nitrate, kukuthi, kuqala kwiinto zonke, qaphela ukuba akhiwa ngokuhlanganisa nitric acid kunye oxides, iityuwa kunye, ngakumbi, kunye nesinyithi. Xa iimeko lobushushu igumbi kakhulu zonke nitrate amelana kakhulu, kodwa xa ubushushu 200-6000 ° C, baqala ukunyibilika, ngokuthe ngcembe ukubola zibe kumacandelo.

Hi ndlela leyi, yintoni koko izinto ukubola nitrate, inokubonwa kwinto indawo babe kolu thotho electrochemical yoxinezeleko metal. Ngokukodwa, zonke ezo nitrate, leyo yi yokubola ukuvelisa nitrites kunye mpilo, ziqulathe iintsimbi ezo ukuya ekhohlo wemagniziyam (umz, lithium, barium, i-aluminiyamu, ayibe). Ezo nitrate, leyo ukubola ukwenza kwenitrojeni kunye nentsimbi, kunye neoksijini kolu thotho electrochemical zicwangciswe ngendlela lokuphumla ukusuka wemagniziyam ukuya zezobhedu.

nitrate ubhedu uziphatha ngendlela ekhethekileyo: ioksijini ngexesha yokubola yayo belingekawakhuphi, kwaye kwasekwa bivalent oxide yobhedu kunye nitrogen dioxide. Kwaye, umzekelo, isisombululo nitrate zesilivere cazulula kubushushu of "nje" 1700 ° C, ubonisa nje ioksijini nyulu ukuze tetravalent nitrogen oxide, kodwa molecule yesilivere ngqo.

Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba ngokupheleleyo zonke nitrate i oxidant eyomeleleyo, yaye sikwimo esiqinileyo. Kodwa isisombululo balahlekelwe iimpawu zazo oxidative, ezahlukeneyo njalo ukusuka nitric acid efanayo.

Sele kumaxesha amandulo abantu baye baqaphela ukuba ityuwa asidi nitric yaye, ngaphezu koko, nitrate zizichumisi kakhulu, banayo ukukwazi ukubuyisela ukuchuma komhlaba. Kamva, inxalenye enkulu nitrate yasetyenziswa ukwenza neziqhushumbisi kunye neziyobisi.

A indima ekhethekileyo bobabo phakathi nitrate nitrate yobhedu.

nitrate copper (Cu (NO3) 2) umele esimbaxa into ezingaphiliyo kwizakhiwo zazo isakhiwo imichiza ezinxulumene neetyuwa obhedu kunye ne-nitric acid. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo nitrate ubhedu into eqinileyo kunye crystal emkhusaneni, kakuhle enyibilikayo emanzini kunye nezinye izisombululo ezininzi (umz, ethanol, ammonia elulwelo, ethyl acetate). Ngelo xesha njenge inani ezinye neetyuwa ze-nitric acid, nitrate ubhedu ibizela ukufuma ukwenza crystal ethile umbala emnyama oluhlaza, leyo saa emoyeni eliphezulu nokufuma isalamane.

iimpawu eekhemikhali nitrate elidityaniswe, kwelinye icala, ukuba ubunzima izinyo wobhedu - rhoqo kwaye ilingana no-64 g / Mol, kunye nezinye - kunye ukukwazi nitrate obhedu ukufunxa ukufuma, ngaloo ndlela isinge emtshatweni kunye negama layo (nitrate - trihydrate - hexahydrate), kunye neempawu zazo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, anhydrous ukuphilisa Nobhedu ibolile kwiqondo lobushushu ka-1700 ° C kunye trihydrate - esele 1200 ° C.

mass izinyo sobhedu kubalulekile ukuba eyona ndlela yokufumana anhydrous nitrate sobhedu na Yindibanisela iimolekyuli yobhedu oxide tetravalent zezobhedu. Kufuneka ikhunjulwa into yokuba nitrate ubhedu into kunokuba ezingenabungozi, ngoko imveliso kunye nokugcinwa kwayo kufuneka ihambelane zonke iimfuno ezisisiseko imithetho yokhuseleko. Ngokukodwa, kuyimfuneko ukuba woyika ukuba le nto iye got inwebu yangaphakathi okanye ulusu lomntu, njengokuba kulo mzekelo, kukho ukungavisisani, esinokubangela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Hi ndlela leyi, phantse zonke nitrate ukuba ezi okanye ezinye izitshanguba kwesikhumba. Umzekelo, isisombululo esifanayo nitrate esilivere udibana nesikhumba yabantu ebangela ukubonakala amabala amnyama, kwaye ukuba ubambe elide ngokwaneleyo, oku kunokuphumela zokutsha.