Xa kwakukho Idabi Wesenberg? Oonobangela kunye neziphumo

Rakovor idabi medieval kwenzeka ngo-1268. Le mpi enye izigigaba ezininzi Northern Zomnqamlezo yaye umzabalazo phakathi kartel leTeutonic kunye nazo izilawuli Russian ngenxa yempembelelo kummandla iBaltic.

Imbali lobudlelwane ezintsonkothileyo kungcono eyaziwa ngenxa yeentshaba Aleksandra Nevskogo, Nevsky Battle of the Ice. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi ezi ziganeko Battle of Wesenberg ihlala phantse ezingabonakaliyo. Noko ke, yaba lidabi ebalulekileyo, apho yazinyaswa yi enesihlwele esinzima enkulu.

prehistory

Ngomhla kummandla Latvia mihla kunye Estonia kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela babehlala izizwe oyimbumba lweBaltic. Kwinkulungwane XI kummandla waqalisa ukwanda sendawo eRashiya, kodwa phantse nangoko ngenxa kokuqhambuka eqhekekileyo lwezopolitiko eMpuma Slavic karhulumente. Kungekudala wabonakala kule bezithanga lweBaltic waseJamani. Baba Katolika, inkolo, kwaye Pope walungelelanisa Zomnqamlezo ngenjongo abahedeni wayebhaptiza khona.

Ngoko ke, ngenkulungwane XIII kwaye kwabonakala leTeutonic Orders Livonian. namahlakani azo Sweden kunye Denmark. E Copenhagen, waququzelela kumadabi ukuba bambambe Eastland (Estonia yanamhlanje). Yenko- ezibe kumda oozilawuli Russian (ikakhulu Pskov kunye Novgorod). Ngowe-1240 ungquzulwano yokuqala phakathi kubamelwane. Ngexesha le minyaka, eRussia phantsi uhlaselo ingxokolo Mongol, awayevela emaqeleni empuma. Azitshabalalisa iidolophu ezininzi, kodwa akazange eze Novgorod, leyo kude kakhulu ukuya emntla.

Fight Aleksandra Nevskogo kunye nesisongelo Western

Le meko kwamnceda Nevsky kuqokelela amandla amatsha kwaye nayo dudula balwa kunye empi German. Alexander gqolo wazaphula kwi-Battle of the Neva (1240) kunye Ice Battle (1242). Emva kokuba impumelelo iingalo Russian ukuxolelana yasayinwa, nangona kunjalo, zonke oonozakuzaku, kwaye kwacaca ukuba isivumelwano kuphela zethutyana, yaye emva kweminyaka embalwa, amaKatolika wozenza elinye igalelo.

Ngoko ke, Alexander Nevsky waqala wamquqela namahlakani kumlo nxamnye Crusaders. Wakwazi ukuseka abafowunelwa kunye Lithuanian Duke Mindaugas, apho ukwanda waseJamani waba nako kuyingozi kakhulu. ookumkani ababini kufutshane enze umfela. Noko ke, ngo-1263 abathetheli Lithuanian kunye Novgorod, wafa phantse ngaxeshanye.

ubuntu Dovmont

Yayingeyiyo Battle of Wesenberg ekhohlo bobempunde i elizukileyo igama Dovmont, phila umkhosi Pskov edabini nxamnye namaKatolika. Le prince wayevela Lithuania. Emva kokufa Mindaugas, wathabatha inxaxheba kule mfazwe yamakhaya kwilizwe lawo. Wasilela ukugcina nayiphi lilifa, waza bagxothwa yi bakhaya zabo. Nalapho ke Dovmont wayesaziwa ngesibindi sakhe. ubuntu bakhe abahlali banochaphazeleko Pskov, emva kokufa Aleksandra Nevskogo eswele ummeli ezimeleyo ngabamelwane. Dovmont ngovuyo wavuma ukukhonza umzi, yaye ngo-1266 waba ngumthetheli Pskov kunye warlord.

Oku kube negalelo unyulo inkqubo yezopolitiko ekhethekileyo egqubayo kumantla eRashiya. Pskov and Novgorod zahlukile kwezinye izixeko East ukuba abalawuli bawo banyulwe sisigqibo okuthandwayo - seSigqeba. Ngenxa yokuba lo mahluko, abemi kula mazwe basoloko ungquzulwano kunye namanye kwiziko Russian ezopolitiko - Vladimir-on-Klyazma, balawulwa abameli lale Rurik ubukhosi. Bona bahlawula imbeko Mongols kwaye ngamaxesha wafuna irhafu enye evela Novgorod kunye Pskov. Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba esimbaxa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo, isisongelo siphambili nakwiiriphabliki Russian ngaloo mihla kwafika ukusuka entshonalanga.

Ngeli xesha kwi aseBalti baseka yeMetro nolo lwamazwe zamaKatolika, nto leyo esebenza ngaxeshanye, efuna ukoyisa nokubhaptiza abahedeni zasekuhlaleni nicule nokuxubana.

iphulo Novgorod e Lithuania

Ngowe-1267 Novgorod balungiselela iphulo nxamnye Lithuanians zemfazwe, abo awavumelekanga ukuba ukuphumla emideni yabo. Noko ke, endleleni eya ungquzulwano ngasentshonalanga yaqala phakathi amaqela, yaba yeyimbi kwisicwangciso sokuqala. Kunokuba aye Lithuania, Novgorod wangena Estland, ebeyinalo kukumkani Danish. Battle of Wesenberg wayesuke waloo mfazwe. Isizathu esesikweni phulo baba iindaba rhoqo ukuba abarhwebi Russian idlwengulweyo ukuba uku kwimarike, ephethwe yi-Danes.

Noko ke, ukuba babefuna Novgorod bekuya kuba nzima ukuxhathisa Catholic Union. Eli phulo lokuqala ngo-1267 waphela, naphambi kokuba aqale. Abantu babuyela ekhaya, kunye neenkokeli zomkhosi bagqiba kwelokuba bacele uncedo Grand Duke Vladimir Yaroslav Yaroslavich. Ngomhla kweenxweme Volkhov irhuluneli uye wavuma kunye nabahlali. Baye baba umtshana ka-Alexander Nevskogo Yuriy Andreevich. Yiyo le nkosana yaba umphathi oyintloko yomkhosi Russian, xa kwakukho Idabi Wesenberg.

I-Union of abathetheli Russian

nabakhandi Russian waqala ukwakha izixhobo ezitsha kunye nezikrweqe. KaYuri Andreyevich wamema ezinye iinkosana Slavic ukuba bajoyine kwiphulo lakhe. Ekuqaleni, undoqo yomkhosi wakhe umkhosi Novgorod, i uVladimir yongezwe umkhosi, abanikwa irhuluneli Yaroslav Yaroslavich. Battle of Wesenberg wayeza ukuvavanya amandla ubudlelwane encedisayo phakathi abamelwane.

Ukongeza, abantu Novgorod kwangena ezinye iinkosana: unyana ka Aleksandra Nevskogo , nguDmitry, owayelawula Pereyaslavl; Abantwana Vladimir Prince Svyatoslav Michael, lowo wafika yaseTver squad; kwakunye kweNkosana Pskov Dovmont.

Nangona Russian Knights sasilungiselela imfazwe ekufuphi, oonozakuzaku yamaKatolika benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze siphumelele yotshaba. Xa phakathi indibano umkhosi kuzo yoosaziwayo Novgorod bevela Riga, emela iimfuno Order Livonian. Yaba iqhinga. oonozakuzaku Russian bacenga ukuba enze uxolo kutshintshiselwano into ekubeni lo uMyalelo akazange ukuxhasa i Danes empini yawo. Nangona Novgorod thethwana nabemi Riga, sele wayikhupha imikhosi ukuya emantla impahla zabo, abalungiselela ulimise emgibeni.

Reid kwi yeBaltic

Januwari weza 23 squad joint Russian evela Novgorod. Wamlinda Battle of Wesenberg. 1268 waqala ebusika yesiqhelo kuyabanda, ngoko ke umkhosi ngokukhawuleza bafudukela oledenevshuyu Narva, umda owayesakuba phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Eyona njongo iphambili yeli phulo yaba inqaba Rakovor ngobuchule ebalulekileyo. amabutho Russian bafudukela kancinci, ukuhlala swi iphanga intsimi Danish bengakhuselekanga.

Battle of Wesenberg kwenzeka phezu komlambo, indawo apho nangoku ngqo lusekiwe. Ababhali-mbali bathi omnye nomnye ngenxa yokubandakanyeka imithombo apho amagama kwindawo ezahlukeneyo baboniswa. Noba indlela, idabi kwenzeke Februwari 18, 1268 kumantla Estonia, kufuphi nedolophu Rakovora.

Ukulungiselela ukulwa

Ngomhla olwandulela ingozi wathumela umyalelo yeentlola Russian ukuze bafunde ngcono malunga amandla utshaba. aba bazingeli Ukubuyela ingxelo ukuba ekampini yotshaba amadoda amaninzi kakhulu omnye kuphela ye-Danish Army. lwesimo ezingemnandi kubo kwaqinisekiswa xa Russian Knights wabona phambi kwabo kartel yoMyalelo Livonian. Le yaba kukwaphula ngqo IziVumelwano yoxolo, apho amaJamani bavumelana Novgorod kwi olwandulela phulo.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umkhosi utshaba ngokuphindwe kakhulu kunoko bekulindelwe ngenxa iingqwayi-ngqwayi zomkhosi Russian, i nokuxubana akazange ndothuke. Ngokutsho yeziKronike ezahlukeneyo, edabini yaba zixatyiswe - kwicala ngalinye, kwakukho malunga-25 amawaka abantu.

Le Amaqhinga amaJamani

Umyalelo wokulwa omkhosi yamaKatolika wasekwa ngokungqinelana amaqhinga ozithandayo leTeutonic. Yaba kukuba phakathi kartel kakhulu axhobileyo wema ngokohlobo nesinqumka ijoliswe kwabo utshaba.

Ukuba ilungelo labo le Danes. Osekhohlo umkhosi wamajoni Riga. Emihlubulweni lokusibekela uhlaselo Knights. Battle of Wesenberg akazange ngo-1268 ukuba amaKatolika azame yokucingisisa kwakhona amaqhinga zabo umlinganiselo ukuba makhe phantsi ngexesha imfazwe Aleksandrom Nevskim.

Ukwakhiwa amabutho Russian

umkhosi Russian kwakhona yahlulwe yaba regiments ezininzi, nganye kuzo ilawulwa omnye Neendwalutho. Ekunene wema Pereyaslavets kunye Pskov. Xa iziko yaba Novgorod, apho Battle of Wesenberg ngo-1268 yaba episode isigqibo kumzabalazo wokulwa yiJamani. Ukuya ngasekhohlo kubo kubekwe Tverskaya squad ethunyelwe umthetheli Vladimir.

Xa isakhiwo eentloko ezaxhobela Russian ethile yayo engundoqo wayebekwe khona. Inkalipho nobuchule empi engenamandla phambi izenzo unganxibelelananga iinjengele. iinkosana Russian babephikisana ngokuba, owathiywa umthetho waba yintloko lonke kumadabi. Ngokutsho kwindawo dynastic, wathi nguDmitry Alexandrovich, kodwa wayeselula, ayizange kumnika yamkeleke emehlweni oogxa eziphezulu. I-qhinga eziphambili kakhulu ukuba Dovmont Lithuanian, kodwa kuphela voivod Pskov kwaye abazange babe sodidi Rurik.

Ngoko ke, lonke idabi imikhosi Russian wenza ngokwabo, eyenza babe nokwenzaliswa Crusaders. Battle of Wesenberg, oonobangela leyo zagqityezelwa kwimfazwe Novgorod namaKatolika, nzulu kuphela usukuzwano phakathi iinkosana Slavic.

Ukuqala edabini

Ngenxa uhlaselo kartel baseJamani baqalisa Battle of Wesenberg. Februwari 18 ukuba isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi amaqela ungquzulwano uza koyisa emfazweni. Ngoxa amaJamani bahamba phambili kule embindini abalindi yaseTver kunye Pereyaslavl nxamnye notshaba emihlubulweni zabo. Pskov butho Kwakhona iye wahlala umxakatho. Knights naye babengavumelani nomkhosi ekule Bishop of Dorpat.

Kuvuthelwa kakhulu bawa phezu Novgorod. Kwakufuneka ukuba ajongane uhlaselo "ihagu" odumileyo German xa kartel iyunifom Nyathela ekuphuhliseni kwi ngesantya ligeza, waza wabatshayela kude utshaba edabini. Zhivago umkhosi elungiselelwe ekutshintsheni iziganeko umgca kwizikhundla ukuzithethelela. Noko ke, nkqu amaqhinga yamacebo okulwa zange kunceda Novgorod ukumelana ifuthe abakhwele. Bathi ndothuke kuqala, kwaye iziko eentloko ezaxhobela Russian ngokubonakalayo sagged bawa phantsi. Baqala aphakuzele, kubonakala ukuba imalunga ukuphelisa Battle of Wesenberg. Uwutyeshele ngoloyiso iingalo Russian yaveliswa Bulelani inkalipho ubenokuqina nguDmitry Alexandrovich.

ibutho lakhe ikwazile ukuba litshitshiswe Riga wabasebenzi. Xa sithe isikhulu waqonda ukuba Ezomva kwimeko athathe zimbi, wakhawuleza wajika umkhosi wakhe umva kwaye betha i amaJamani ngasemva. Abo ke lungekho uhlaselo unesibindi enjalo.

Ukusiwa imithwalo

Ngeli xesha Novgorod kwirhuluneli Yurii sele basaba ukusuka edabini. Ezimbalwa imiphefumlo nesibindi womkhosi wakhe, wahlala phakathi kwezintlu, bathelela ngexesha ukwenza khawuleza undincede nguDmitry Alexandrovich. Kwelinye ephangweni Danes ekugqibeleni kwiNgxowa izikhundla zabo wabaleka emva ngabavukeli zikabhishophu ungasekhoyo. Tverskaya squad akazange eze uncedo Novgorod embindini waza waqalisa Maluwusukele utshaba layohlala. Ngenxa yoku, umkhosi Russian alikwazanga ukuba aququzelele ukumelana ophucukileyo ukuya isiJamani "ihagu."

Towards ngokuhlwa Knights kwawona loo Pereyaslavets ukuhlaselwa waphinda waqala ukwakha kule Novgorod. Ekugqibeleni, lakutshona ilanga, babamba kulandelana Russian. Kwakhona, wenzela oomatshini, nasekuxinweni, ezazilungiselwe nasekuxinweni Isiphango of Rakovora. Bonke bephela ngokukhawuleza batshatyalaliswe. Noko ke, kwaba kuphela impumelelo athile ka amaJamani. Battle of Wesenberg, ngokufutshane ukuthetha, bayeka kuphela ngenxa yokuba esibe siphezu emini. angi Army wabeka phantsi iingalo zabo ebusuku wazama ukuba baphumle, ukuze ekugqibeleni bana phandle ulwalamano lwabo kokusa.

Night ibhunga empini

Ebusuku kwindawo wabuya yaseTver webutho, awayeleqa Danes. Yena wancediswa amajoni asindileyo kwezinye iiyunithi. Phakathi umzimba ofileyo ivunjululwe Usodolophu Novgorod uMikhail Fedorovich. Emva kwethutyana kwikhansile ngqwayi ngazo ingcamango lokuhlasela amaJamani kwi ngenxa mnyama ukuba alwe uloliwe ukumangala. Noko ke, le ngcamango entsha kakhulu, kuba amajoni sidiniwe inkqonkqoze ngaphandle namandla. Kwagqitywa ukuba alinde kude kuse.

Ngelo xesha, i lokusinda webutho, eJamani, kuphela eseleyo ukuyilwa lokuqala nabaphathi silwe yamaKatolika i waqonda okudalwa imeko yabo. yeenjengele zakhe wagqiba baleka. Phantsi ngobumnyama amaJamani washiya lori Russian, kwaye ethatha naye kungekho kwimveliso.

imiphumela

Ngentsasa yomkhosi Russian safumanisa ukuba amaJamani ubalekile. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba phezu Battle of Wesenberg. Apho yembulalo kwenzeka, amakhulu izidumbu elele apho. Iinkosana iintsuku ezintathu ezazisendle, ukuze bangcwabe abafileyo, kwaye musa ukulibala ukuqokelela neembasa. Usindiso umkhosi Russian, kodwa ngenxa yesibakala sokuba amaJamani sitshabalalisa iinjini zokungqinga, i elide ebheke le nqaba Rakovor uba ingamampunge. Ngaphandle izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ekomelezeni Capture akwenzeki. Ngaba ukubhenela zokungqinga elide yaye ndidiniwe, kodwa ekuqalekeni kwakungenjalo kwizicwangciso ze Novgorod.

Ngoko ke, amajoni Russian babuyela kwilizwe labo, emizini yabo. Ngala manzi, savumelana kuphela i Pskov Prince Dovmont, ngubani kunye layo bakhe baya kugqogqa phezu iilokishi angakhuselekanga Pomerania. Battle of Wesenberg, yabulala abantu malunga 15 lamawaka, kuhleli eliyimbalasane longquzulwano phakathi emkhosini kunye odolo zamaKatolika kunye nazo izilawuli Russian.