Igosa eRoma yamandulo kunye namagunya ayo

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba uninzi amagama ebonisa inkqubo yolawulo yale mihla okuvela eRoma yamandulo .... inkqubo yolawulo advanced Power kwenzeka ngaphambili ngamakhoboka - ezifana eYiputa, China, Greece. Kodwa isixhobo monarchical subordinated ngokupheleleyo ukuthanda kwamagosa kaFaro, okanye ukumkani, nedemokrasi Greece wamandulo kuphela imida ye-nkqubo (esixekweni nakwiindawo ezikufutshane). Xa elizibalula weRiphabliki wabuza umbuzo ukwahlulelana uxanduva lolawulo phakathi abameli abakhethiweyo yabantu basebukhosini kunye nabantu (plebs), kwakunye ukuba anikele amagunya kunokwenzeka zabo. Yaba ngeli xesha kwaye eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "igosa" - ingqiqo kufutshane kakhulu kuthi kwintsingiselo yalo.

In Russian, igama ezinxulumene elithi "ityala". Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo "unetyala", ingqikelelo 'iposi' yaye 'igosa' abe engathandekiyo entle. Le ndoda nge elifomatiweyo - ummeli karhulumente kwindawo ethile, kuphela igunya lakhe kwaye ibumntwisisa namandla. Isikali kwezikhundla kwi nabasemagunyeni uye phezulu yayo (ukusuka entloko, ukuba neerhuluneli kunye nabacebisi ezahlukeneyo kunye nabancedisi) kunye tyaba (alinganayo xa abasemagunyeni lingamnqumamisa kwaye arhoxise isigqibo oogxa bakhe).

Igosa eRoma yamandulo akhethwe kuphela singabakhululekileyo-wazalelwa (ungumkhululwa ayikwazanga akhethwe, kodwa unyana wakhe) bafikelele kwiminyaka ethile. Akuphelelanga apho, uluhlu ngamnye awawubhalayo ngenyameko lo mthetho iminyaka ubuncinane amagunya, ngokunjalo abonise ixesha wona unako ukwenza oku, kungenzeka kokuba enyuliwe kwakhona, kunye nemida yengingqi, leyo zandiswa kolawulo yale posi. Ngokomzekelo, amandla consuls ayenza iindonga zesixeko, yaye akho namabamba owayelawula emaphandleni ngaphesheya. Umphathi ngokunxulumene kwabanye abemi, nkqu privati amanene, baba - abantu zabucala, nakwabo aliliso kubo.

Kwaba eseRoma, kwaye igosa eliphezulu ebizwa ngokuba "Control", igunya elongamileyo - "potestas" - eyabangela kuye dorespublikanskogo ixesha ookumkani. likhupha inkqubo igunya loo zicaciswa gca kwindawo umthetho curiata okhethekileyo. La magosa banelungelo lokuba abize yeeNgwevu kunye comitia (yokuhlangana abantu), ukwenza iindleko zabo, benze iintetho. Xa lizwe sisengozini ngelo xesha, wonyulwa uzwilakhe, abapase onke amandla ephakamileyo. Lo mntu unelungelo ukuba silawule lizwe kuphela. Kudla incamathele kwisihloko yakhe injongo unyulo - umzekelo, "Le uZwilakhe ngenxa yemfazwe." Ezinye izithuba likaxakeka ekhethiweyo ibango ukuba amagosa ubomi (Cornelius Sulla, uGayo Yuliy Tsezar). Isithuba kukufa kuphela Mark Avrely. Hi ndlela leyi, amagunya inkululeko amagosa nje kuphela ngexesha ingozi ijinga phezu lizwe. "Uzwilakhe hammering isikhonkwane" - ekuthiwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngumphathi ngexesha lemibhiyozo yonqulo.

Igosa kwixesha weRiphabliki khange bahlawulwe. Yaba isihloko uzuko. isikhundla nganye uhambelana ingubo ethile - ukuba igcinwe umkhosi, yaye emva kokushiya isikhundla sakhe waza ayingcwaba. Ezinye izikhundla waphakamisa lonke usapho kwi bezikhundla - oonyana kwabo irenki curule, ezifuna ingqwalaselo; ngokwakhe yenethiwekhi yalo kwisihloko yaba eliphuma nosapho lwakhe, njengomthwebeba ukufa kwakhe imaski waza waqhubeka inzala iziqu. iindwalutho naye iindawo kwiibhokisi kwi kwale nkundla. Ukuqala Quaestors, owashiya indawo yabantu unelungelo unyulelwe iNdlu Yeengwevu.

Ukuba kwinkonzo weRiphabliki, igosa liye kuphela ilungelo lokubhena isibheno. A isicelo ngokutsha sigqibo isicelo indibano yesizwe, umlingane Yeengwevu okanye umphathi peer. Amagosa angaba abasisigxina, ixesha ayiphelelanga lokuba semthethweni, nangona izikhundla ezininzi abantu bemiselwe akukho kweenyanga ngaphezu kwama-36. Ezi zithuba baphathwa bamabutho, consuls, quaestors, aediles kunye censors. Ngaphandle kokuba nabathetheli, kwindawo enjalo eRoma yamandulo, usapho ikakhulu yeengcungcu ibango. umsebenzi wabo waba enokuxelwa kwangaphambili: ulutsha isikhundla Officer iButho, ngoko engama-27 nesithuba quaestor ngo-37 - aedile ngo-40 - Undlunkulu welizwe, 43 - ngunozakuzaku okanye kumhloli.