Xa imigaqo lovoto ziye zaziswa? belungelo lovoto - is ...

Yintoni lovoto? Eli lithuba lokuba bavote kunyulo bonke abemi kungakhathaliseki ngesondo, inkolo, uhlanga, ubume eluntwini, inqanaba ingeniso, njl Xa lovoto kukho mnye kuphela mfuneko - .. Age. Abemi kokuba ilungelo lokuvota, ngaloo onyule abameli zawo nabasemagunyeni karhulumente, ukuthatha inxaxheba zimvo kwaye ukunyula intloko karhulumente.

inkqubela kwezopolitiko

Namhlanje, jikelele lokuvota labantu - yinto phawu olusisinyanzelo States lwentando yesininzi. Noko ke, uluntu iye yaba indlela ende kwaye olunameva ukuphumeza wamiswa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba ukuqaliswa lovoto e zaphawula ezahlukeneyo elibonisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala ngqa, lo mgaqo yaphunyezwa olululo eFransi kwinkulungwane XVIII. Kodwa ke abantu babekholelwa ukuba lovoto - ilungelo kuphela labemi eyindoda.

Le revolution French

Ngowe-1792, bavukeli babamba i Palace izindawo. Umlawuli ibhukuqwe. Le abalweli ligqibe kwelokuba libekele i elitsha lomthetho ephakamileyo umzimba ummeli. Le Convention odumileyo National.

Ngaxeshanye lo myalelo Agasti 11 yakhutshwa 1792 eyayilawula unyulo lomasipala kwiziko elitsha. Yile xwebhu loyiswa kuqaliswa lovoto kweli lizwe. Yaba isiganeko yimbalasane, ukubaluleka kwawo oqaphelekayo ngokukodwa kwexesha.

Unyulo ku Convention National

Phambi Ndiwise 1792 abavoti French ziye zohlulwa iyasebenza kwisixando sokwenziwa. Ukuze ufumane ilungelo lokuvota kwakufuneka abe ngumhlali yesixeko, uhlawule irhafu ngokwaneleyo. Yaba isiqinisekiso ipropati odidi, leyo yabagxeki ummiselo "Kwi kokubizwa i-National Convention." Ngoku, ukuba ukwamkelwa unyulo kwanele ukuba engumFrentshi ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-21 kwaye ube ungenzi nto ngonyaka endaweni abahlala kuzo. Kwakhona, umthetho omtsha waqalisa kulisiko bezise isifungo yoluntu.

Ukunyulwa 1792 xa kuthelekiswa yangoku inkqubo yonyulo, umzekelo, kwi-French yagqabhuka kude jikelele (bâthi uvote abafazi). Kodwa iziganeko i Revolution Omkhulu ngenxa nokulawulwa ngokwentando ngakumbi. Uyekwa emfundo impahla, kunye nabantu kunye nobume ezahlukeneyo zentlalo (umzekelo, izinhanha kunye nabalimi) banikwa amalungelo alinganayo. Ukunciphisa kweminyaka ukusuka kuma-25 ukuya kwiminyaka-21 kunye nomdla iindimbane.

Old and New Order

EYurophu, umlo usisiqinisekiso lovoto lalikhona kwinkulungwane XIX. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane kunye yaseFransi Revolution Kwihlabathi Old sele iqalile inkqubo yokunqanda iintsalela yelifa feudal ephakathi.

Onke amazwe aseYurophu (ngaphandle Switzerland) bekusekho ukumkani. Kuye kuphelelwa kunye nefomu okungafanelekanga karhulumente. Ubukho yezikumkani, izilawuli duchies abazange sihambelane oongxowankulu lifuna ukomeleza indawo yayo ngokusebenzisa iindlela wedemokhrasi.

zela utshintsho

Kwinkulungwane yoluntu oluqhubekayo, abafundi, abasebenzi, amahlwempu ezidolophini kunye nezifundiswa ezama ukunyanzela urhulumente wabo ukwazisa lovoto. kuye kwabonakala Le mfuno kwi 20. ngekhulu XIX phakathi kwamalungu British iimanyano zabasebenzi. Nakuba kunjalo, utshintsho onyulo umelana izangqa emithethweni monarchical kunye yeengcungcu. Babona ukuba idemokhrasi ingozi kwikamva labo ikhethwayo.

Naxa France emva kokuphela iimfazwe Napoleonic kunye nokubuyiselwa ukumkani yaphinda-yaziswa iziqinisekiso impahla. Kwaba kuphela emva 1848 revolution kunye ukubhukuqwa kaKumkani Lui Filippa kwi siseko omtsha ekugqibeleni ezifakwe ilungelo kwabantu bonke ukuba bavote. Ekubeni kungekho reactionaries abakhange irhoxisiwe kuyo. Emva koko ohlaziya ngokwenani labavoti French linyuke ukusuka 240 amawaka abantu 9 million.

suffragettes

Nangona ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX iye kumazwe amaninzi yavunyelwa lokuvota onke amadoda, umba lovoto abasetyhini kwaye khange isonjululwe ngayo nayiphi na kwezi States. Umzabalazo iinguqu ezifanelekileyo yaqala suffragette. Kuba ngqa izilungiso ezinjalo ngomthetho New Zealand ngo-1893. Imigaqo lovoto yaye siqala kweli lizwe, kuba ngaphandle inxaxheba kunyulo labavoti obhinqileyo akakwazi ukuthetha ngayo nayiphi na zabo "emhlabeni wonke."

Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, suffragists wenza amabango abo kumazwe aliqela. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kuBukhosi Russian kwakukho abafazi bavunyelwe ukuba bavote ngo-1906. uguquko oluyinene isenzo isasazeke kuphela kummandla Grand Duchy of Finland. Akuzange olu lingelo kuphela. EFinland, ngookumkani Russian wayesoloko etshayelela ezintsha phambili ukuba, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo asikwazanga kwenziwa yonke bukhosi.

Ilungelo lokuvota in Russian

Emva kokuba revolution ka 1905 wabonakala kwi State Duma eRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, ukhetho zepalamente iye kuphelela iziqinisekiso ezahlukeneyo. Thina abachasene inkcaso ezahlukeneyo, ingakumbi ekhohlo. Bafune ukuba lovoto yaziswa kweli lizwe. kwemvelo yepalamente tsarist eRashiya wathiywa nengcitho kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Kwaba kuphela emva Oktobha Revolution of 1917 wangumlawuli, kwiBolsheviks yabhengeza ukuba uya kukuphelisa i "yoohlohlesakhe" umthetho lonyulo.

Nangona uLenin wagxeka imiyalelo ezininzi amazwe nkulu, ukususela unyulo, akazange kuyinika phezulu. ezimele (amabhunga) ke, ngokungafaniyo parliamentarism lixesha. NgoJanuwari 1918 intlanganiso uphazanyiswe kuvuleka iNdibano neqela. Emva kwesi siganeko, kwiBolsheviks waqala ukwakhiwa karhulumente yayo, ngaphandle kokujonga kwabachasi abo ezopolitiko.

guqula yamaBolshevik

Ngokutsho ideology uLenin ngayo kwixesha elizayo ngayo kwafuneka ukuba ubukomanisi - i imeko efanelekileyo yoluntu. Le utopia ayengenabo yakwenza kurhulumente, kodwa ngaxeshanye inkokeli yamaBolshevik sasiqonda ukuba ixesha elithile urhulumente kunye namaziko ayo kunyulwa kufuneka ukuhamba. Okokuqala konke oku kwenziwa ukukhusela iinzuzo kwe revolution. Kokuwa lobuzwilakhe wavula phambi iiBolsheviks kakhulu igumbi ukulingwa ekwakhiweni imodeli entsha karhulumente.

July 10, 1918 UMgaqo-siseko RSFSR (phambi kokuba USSR kudlule iminyaka 4) savunywayo. A icandelo elahlukileyo enikelwe kwimithetho yayo phezu unyulo qumrhu. Kolu xwebhu, lo mgaqo lovoto sele ngokusemthethweni elimisiweyo okokuqala kwimbali Russia. Ivoti ngoku kunye nabasetyhini. Ngokutsho amagama, ilungelo lokuvota, "afakwa bonke abemi Russian eManyeneyo yiSoviet Republic." Umda yobudala olwalubekwe kwi-18 iminyaka.

Kwangaxeshanye, amazwi bobe abantu abaphila kwingeniso unearned (nerhorho), iinkokeli zecawa, njengabagunyaziswa amapolisa yangaphambili tsarist, kwanabenzi bobubi abo kunye abagula ngengqondo. UMgaqo-nkqubo RSFSR ngo-1918 iziqinisekiso ezisisiseko lovoto zazibonakala. Noko ke, olu xwebhu yayineqela kwezikhewu zomthetho ezinxulumene kunyulo. Benza kunye nemimiselo yendawo nezikazwelonke ngamnye.

amava IsiNgesi

Kwi-UK, abasebenzi 'iimanyano zabasebenzi ibe yinkokeli nomzabalazo lovoto. Iminyaka ngeminyaka, ukuba befuna utshintsho kwezopolitiko. Eyona edumileyo efunyenwe Chartist intshukumo. Ikhefu zenzeka ngcembe. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX abasemagunyeni basivumela lovoto amadoda. Oku kwenziwa ngaphandle revolutions, kwanjengaphakathi kwezinye yase Europe.

Umzabalazo kokulingana yezopolitiko lwabafazi UK waqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Intshukumo suffragette kweli lizwe wayengomnye enamandla kakhulu kwi World Endala. Noko ke, uluntu yayo incopho ungquzulwano kunye norhulumente hayi sele ifikelele. LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, leyo umise inkqubo yezopolitiko, hayi kuphela Albion, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Ebutsheni bowe-1918, urhulumente Prime Minister Lloyd George wadlula umthetho enika ilungelo lokuvota kubafazi bonke abadala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30. Yonke kwenziwa ngaphandle idalwa. Nokuba epalamente umelana amasekela-23 kuphela. Eli lizwe wayexakeke yimfazwe, yaye akazange kude utshintsho kwezopolitiko. Nokufika uxolo British wafumanisa ukuba abahleli ngayo kuluntu elitsha kakuhle kungekho lucalu-calulo ngokwesini.

United States

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba US Department of Education kweli lizwe, i-siseko wamkelwa. Kuba isiphelo kwenkulungwane XVIII kwaba uxwebhu eziphambili kunye phambili. It ilawulwa kwaye ezinye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo umthetho lonyulo. Nangona kunjalo, chaza nganye nganye imisela imithetho yaso, kuquka lowo uchaphazelekayo unyulo. Ngokomzekelo, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX e Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, ukuba unyulo lwamalungu qualification yepropati khona.

Ingxaki enkulu ukuba ilungelo lokuvota ikhoboka ngokubanzi kulo lonke elo lizwe. Kwaba eqhelekileyo ithi kumazantsi lwezolimo ukuvuthwa ungquzulwano engaphephekiyo kunye North kwezoqoqosho. imfazwe yamakhaya (1861-1865 gg.). Kuphela emva kokuphela lobukhoboka ekugqibeleni zipheliswe.

Kwakukho izilungiso eziliqela-siseko, ngokuthe ngcembe landa inani labantu sinikwe amalungelo okuvota. Eli qela ujoyine abamnyama. Kwaye ngo 1920 yayamkela ulungiso XIX, okuye abafazi ilungelo lokuvota. Yaba suffragettes uloyiso olungenamiqathango. Ngoko eUnited States enobungangamsha lovoto.