Uxolo Portsmouth: iimeko kunye nonyaka lokusayina

Portsmouth Peace Treaty - isivumelwano phakathi Russian uBukhosi kunye eJapan nokuyeka impi. Esi sivumelwano aphelise le Russian-Japanese War ngqiqweni etshabalalisayo, eyathatha ukususela 1904 ukuya 1905. Esi siganeko senzeke Agasti 23, 1905, Portsmouth, kwidolophu American, kunye yolamlo urhulumente US. Esi sivumelwano ngamaqela omabini. Ngenxa yokuba kuye, eRashiya umnakekeli ilungelo yokuqeshisa Liaodong Peninsula ulwenze umfelandawonye China, nkqubo leyo iquka umfelandawonye yasemkhosini phakathi kwamazwe amabini eJapan.

Izizathu ekuqaleni Russian-Japanese War

NjengeJapan ixesha elide yaba lilizwe lavalwa, kodwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX yaqalisa ngequbuliso ukufumana simahla, sivulele bolunye uhlanga, abemi bayo abaninzi ehambela ngenkuthalo amazwe aseYurophu. Inkqubela iye ibonakale ngokucacileyo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Japan udale izithuthi enamandla kunye nomkhosi - eyayinceda amava amazwe, apho yaseJapan baye e-Europe.

Leliya lizwe kufuneka wokwandisa indawo, apho kungenxa yokuba kwaqala yimpi ejoliswe kumazwe angabamelwane. Japan waba ngumntu wokuqala China mhlaseli likwazile ukufaka kwiziqithi eziliqela, kodwa oku ngokucacileyo akwanelanga. Urhulumente iliso yayo phezu kwelizwe naseManchuria kunye Korea. Kakade ke, uBukhosi Russian wayengenakukunyamezela ukuqaqadeka enjalo, kuba lizwe izicwangciso zayo kwezi nkalo, otstraivaya eKorea Railways. Ngowe-1903, Japan naseRashiya eyayibanjwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo iintetho, enethemba ukusombulula ingxabano ngoxolo, kodwa yonke lilize. Ngaba akukho bavumelana kwicandelo ilizwe, kwicala yaseJapan kangaka idale ngequbuliso imfazwe lihlasela bukhosi.

Indima iBritani United States emfazweni

Enyanisweni, Japan ligqibe ukuhlasela eRashiya ayikho yedwa. Ngale zabe i-US kunye eNgilani, ngokuba anika inkxaso-mali kweli lizwe. Ukuba andiyitsibanga ngokunceda le ithi, Japan wasilela ndaphule Tsarist eRashiya, emva amandla ezimeleyo ukuba akukho nto ngelo xesha. Uxolo Portsmouth, mhlawumbi njalo bekungayi kugqitywe ukuba akukho isisombululo abaxhasi bayijongisise ukuya emfazweni.

Emva Tsushima England waqonda ukuba iinzame yaseJapan kakuhle kakhulu, ngoko ubukhulu becala inciphise iindleko imfazwe. I-United States inkxaso ngamandla umhlaseli, yaye wavalwa eFransi Germany eme ekhusela yoBukhosi baseRashiya, wamsongela kunye nokufa. UMongameli Teodora Ruzvelta yaba icebo wengcibi - asophise impi elide-isebenza macala omabini. Kodwa apha ekomelezeni engalindelekanga of Japan kunye ukoyiswa Russian, akazange uhlele. Umqukumbelo Uxolo Portsmouth bekungenakuba kwenzeka ngaphandle yolamlo America. Roosevelt omninzi ukuyenza ukuze ayicamagushele macala omabini oophuma-silwe.

iinzame abangaphumelelanga ukwenza uxolo

Ndayihluthwa inkxaso-mali ye-US kunye Great Britain, aluve Japan buthathaka ngokwezoqoqosho. Nangona impumelelo ebalulekileyo emkhosini kwi imfazwe ne-Russia, ilizwe libe phantsi koxinzelelo abasuka abanikeli ekuqaleni ukwayama ukhangele kwisigqibo woxolo. Japan wenze iinzame eziliqela nazigqibo notshaba. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala wathetha uxolelaniso yaseJapan ngo-1904, xa Russian kwi UK bacelwa ukuba basayine imvumelwano. -Thethwano akazange athabathe ndawo: Japan bafuna ukuba uBukhosi Russian waqonda ukuba laqalisa ukuyekwa impi.

Ngowe-1905, umlamli phakathi belligerents yi France. Imfazwe ngayo izilangazelelo kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ngoko ke uncamela nasekugqityweni kwayo. France ngelo xesha wayengekho kuloo meko intle, nengxaki lixubayele, ngoko wacela ukunceda eJapan baphum nokulamla ekuqukunjelweni yoxolo. Ngeli xesha, umhlaseli ubenibanga, ukusuka Russian uBukhosi Capitulations intlawulo indemnity, kodwa nezifundiswa Russian ngokucacile wala iimeko ezinjalo.

mediation United States

Emva kokuba yaseJapan babefuna ukuba zokulima Russian kwi mali 1.2 billion yen abantu, yaye ukongezelela isiqithi Sakhalin, urhulumente US ngokungalindelekanga bangakwicala ubukhosi. Roosevelt yasabisa siswele yaseJapan ngayo yonke inkxaso. Mhlawumbi imiqathango Uxolo Portsmouth wayeza kuba ezahlukeneyo ukuba songenelelo eUnited States. Umongameli American, kwelinye icala, wazama ukuphembelela uBukhosi Russian, ngobuchule ukunika iingcebiso kukumkani, nakwelinye - zanyanzela yaseJapan, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bacinge malunga kwimeko embi yoqoqosho.

Amagama uxolo ethunyelwe Japan

Umhlaseli wayefuna ukwenza ezininzi zemfazwe ukuya ubuninzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto Japan wayeza ukugcina impembelelo yayo Korea noMzantsi naseManchuria, thatha yonke kwisiqithi Sakhalin kwaye afumane inceba kwi mali 1.2 billion yen ngayo. Kakade ke, ukuze i-Russian Empire ezinjalo iimeko baye ntle, ngoko ke kokusayina Uxolo Portsmouth lahlehliselwa ngokungenammiselo. Witte, ummeli Russian, ngaw 'omane ukuhlawula lokumiswa kunye nokunikezelwa Sakhalin.

zizivumelwano Japan

Njengokuba kamva wavuma memoirs bakhe Ishii, ilizwe labo kwafuneka lijongane eRashiya, ongakaze nakubani zange ahlawule. Yobulukhuni zokubonisana Russian nasekusweleni abaxhasi inkxaso yaseJapan endilibeke a nasezirhangeni eyimfama. Portsmouth ihlabathi phezu yayisecicini ekuweni, urhulumente yaseJapan bahlanganisana kuloo ntlanganiso, eyathatha imini yonke. Siya anokugqiba empini Sakhalin. Agasti 27, 1905, kwagqitywa ekubeni bashiye eso siqithi kwaye musa ukuba umnikelo. Urhulumente ndiyimfe balibale amanyathelo yasemkhosini akwenzeki.

Russia gaffe

Ngelo xesha, uMongameli Russian uthumele umyalezo sefowuni kukumkani, nto leyo bacetyiswa ukunika kwisiqithi Sakhalin. Russian Empire wayefuna uxolo, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente kwakufuneka ukucinezela revolution kusondela. Noko ke, ukumkani wavuma ukuba kuphela emazantsi siqithi. Uxolo Portsmouth zinokugcwaliswa kwangolo kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ngenxa yokuba i yaseJapan ayesele bagqiba ekubeni bayeke nokuhlaselwa Sakhalin. Ngo-Agasti 27, nje emva kokuphela kwentlanganiso, waba wazi ngesigqibo kakumkani. Urhulumente Japanese, Kakade ke, musa ungaphoswa ithuba ukumbamba kwintsimi entsha. Noko ke, ingozi Japanese, kuba ukuba ulwazi akunjalo, ihlabathi liya akayi kuphinda entolongweni. transfers esemthethweni ngayo, xa kukho ukusilela ekuye kwafuneka ukuba benze dule-Kiri.

Ekugqibeleni Uxolo Portsmouth yasayinwa -5 Septemba kunyaka 1905. Isigidimi Russian bavumile Japan njenge yena waxelela ukumkani. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente Tokyo ifumene enkulu nempembelelo Korea, wafumana amalungelo ukuqashisa ukuba i Liaodong Peninsula, i-South Manchurian Railway, kwakunye emazantsi Sakhalin. Noko ke, Japan angenako ilungelo lokuba nenxaxheba ekomelezeni siqithi.

Yintoni uzisele omabini amacala impixano Peace Portsmouth?

Umhla kokusayina isivumelwano soxolo wawuza kuba indawo yokugqibela kwi yongquzulwano uqala ukuphakamisa uqoqosho ngaphandle amabhodlo. Ngelishwa, akazange win, akukho eRashiya okanye Japan ukususela kwimfazwe Russian-Japanese. Kwaba yonke yinkcitha xesha kunye nemali. I-Japanese bayamkela ngokutyikitya isivumelwano soxolo ibe sisithuko buqu, ukuhlazeka, koko, eli lizwe wonakele ngempumelelo. In uBukhosi Russian, yaye ke revolution lixubayele, kwaye ngokoyiswa emfazweni yaba umququ yokugqibela umsindo ethandwayo. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala amabini, ngokuba mazwe omabini andizanga ezona amaxesha. revolution yaqala ngo eRashiya ...