Iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ncwadi. iincwadi History. Incwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo

Ukufunda isinika ingqondo, ebangela ingqondo ukuze isebenze, likuvumela hlukana iingxaki zemihla ngemihla size sichithe ixesha kamnandi. Konke oku ubuntu yokuqala kwinkulungwane owaziwayo. Yintoni kukho ezinye iinyani ezinika umdla malunga iincwadi? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ifumaneka kweli nqaku.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ncwadi

Priss yiPapyrus - le ncwadi yamandulo, ngokungummangaliso zigcinwe unanamhla. Umbhali uye wadala umsebenzi umva kwiminyaka 3350 phambi kukaKristu. Imbali le ncwadi kubonisa ukuba eyafunyanwa kwidolophu uAmoni, leyo kwenye iiphiramidi.

Ngokumangalisayo, isihloko ochukumisa umbhali, naye enomdla abemi belimiweyo lanamhlanje. Priss emsebenzini wakhe axoxe ungquzulwano ngezizukulwana. UMdali le ncwadi yamandulo kukhalelwa ububi zolutsha ababephila ngelo xesha. Yena usola amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana livila nokungabikho kwemfundo, esabela ngayo imikhuba ezahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, ngqangi anawo National Library, ibekwe eParis.

"Diamond Sutra"

Ukuveliswa umdla malunga incwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo. Loo migaqo kugqalwa i "Diamond Sutra" - umsebenzi Indiya, ziguqulelwe Chinese. Chinese Van Chi ochwetheziweyo isincoko ngoMeyi 11 engama-868.

An ncwadi emangalisayo incwadi esongwayo ebandakanya kweemakhishithi ezintandathu zetekisi. Kwakhona kukho iphepha lokukrola, oluveza Buddha. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukudala imisebenzi zomkroli Chinese wayesebenza ixesha elide. Izitampu-abalinganiswa zazenziwe inkosi ngodongwe, ngoko ke wazitshisela usebenzisa eziko okhethekileyo. Amaxesha aliqela kwafuneka ukuba ukuphinda-ukuqala nokudalwa ayekelele, kodwa Van Chi kwaba indoda ilukhuni. Paper ukuba uye wayeka eChina, babomelele yaye shinyi, njengoko wafuna Preservation esisigxina sencwadi yakhe.

Ukusungulwa bokushicilela

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Umsunguli ushicilelo German Johannes Gutenberg, kwathi ngeenxa 1445. Gutenberg wadala kuphela cofa, kodwa ingxubevange isetyenziswa ekudaleni iileta eziprintiweyo, umatshini Foundry, yokusonga ifonti. Kwakhona ukuze lihlawulwe uphuhliso inki ekhethekileyo ngesimilo nangokuchanekileyo.

Gutenberg Bible - incwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo, okudalwe le ngqondi waseJamani. Oku kwenzeka malunga 50 neminyaka zenkulungwane weshumi elinesihlanu. Ezi amaxesha xa ibandla unamandla ngakumbi. Ayimangalisi into yokuba isinye kwisithathu yonke incunabula nikela ukuba unqulo. Abavakalisi lokuqala aye afuna inani elikhulu leekopi --avareji, phaya phezulu ukuya ezingamakhulu amathathu. Kuloo minyaka, iincwadi wayengekho iphepha isihloko. Ulwazi malunga umbhali, isihloko, unyaka wokupapashwa, njalo-njalo wanikela ekupheleni. Kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, eli ingxelo yayifumaneka kwiphepha lokuqala.

"Umpostile" - incwadi yokuqala eshicilelweyo, eyapapashwa eRashiya, iinkcukacha zisekhona ukuya namhlanje. Elo wonga fanele printmaker Ivan Fedorov, ohlala eMoscow. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umsebenzi kule piece sagqitywa ngowe-1564. iikopi mahlanu esekhona, zijongwa rarities. Musa wayesazi ubukho iincwadi ezipapashwe phambi kwesi siganeko.

Le incwadi ukuzeka kade umsindo

IBhayibhile mhlawumbi yeyona ukuzeka kade umsindo eveliswa ehlabathini, athe wehla imihla yethu. Le ncwadi Imbali ithi ngo-303 BC, ukumkani uDiocletian wayalela ukuba babulale onke amalungu entsapho, ukuba iBhayibhile ifumaneka endlwini. Ngo-1229 i-ban ekufundeni lo msebenzi abaqhelekileyo waphoselwa Toulouse Cathedral. Ngowe-1793, inxaxheba ekulweni wakhokela urhulumente waseFransi ncwadi engcwele, wakhuthaza ukuba "ubukumkani engqiqo." Abo bantu abangazange afune ukuyeka ukumela ukholo lwabo, phantsi afe. Okumangalisayo kukuba, lo ummiselo kwathatha iminyaka emine.

Yintoni enye onokuyenza zisixelela ntoni iBhayibhile? Umzekelo, kufuneka wazi ukuba akukho incwadi ezo eziye zaba khona, ayikwazanga phinda kwayo. Le imveliso isebenzisa imfuno ophakamileyo iminyaka engaphezu kwama amawaka amabini. Uphononongo olwenziwe ngo-2013 lwabonisa ukuba iBhayibhile yakhululwa ngo-2056 phezu iilwimi zomthonyama, nabafudusiweyo bonke, akukho ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu.

IBhayibhile - imveliso kuphela ukuzeka kade umsindo, kodwa lesiprofeto. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba abe yinto ekhoyo phezu 3 amawaka iziprofeto nokubakho esibhalweni indawo.

Malunga kumathala eencwadi

Kakade ke, zikho nezinye izinto ezimangalisayo malunga iincwadi ukuze umdla kubafundi. Ngokomzekelo, ngemihla yamandulo iincwadi oluboniswe ezishelfini ngaphakathi ezingcanjini. Oku bekuyimfuneko ngenxa yokuba iingcambu imisebenzi abazange ayahlukanga uzinzo. Ukuba sibaphatha ngokungakhathali, ngoko nangoko zeza icimile, leyo iincwadi iyona.

eminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, ukufunda waba uyithandayo eninzi, kwaye ke ifumaneka kuphela kubantu abazizityebi. Iincwadi abafumanekayo amathala eencwadi oluntu, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ebe. Ukukhusela imiqulu ezixabisekileyo kusetyenziswa imixokelelwane elide ngazo zinxibelelene ezishelfini.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, i "bookworms" - nto nje abantu abangakwaziyo ukucinga ubomi ngaphandle kokufunda. Izinambuzane, uyawabhuqa umthamo, musa zikhona.

i enkulu

Awunako ukushiya ngaphandle ingqalelo umdla iinyaniso malunga iincwadi zabantwana. It is at abafundi mncinane kunye nomsebenzi ejolise "Le ncwadi inkulu ehlabathini abantwana." Ngumqondo yokushicilela wendlu "uYohane" weza ukukhanya ngo-2004. Ubude umlingo volume iye kweemitha ezintandathu, ububanzi buziimitha ezintathu. Thelekisa ubukhulu leyo igumbi avareji kwindlu encinane. Bahle, ubunzima iincwadi, esakhiwa 492 kg. Iqulethe imibongo ezibhalwe ngababhali Russian odumileyo akhoyo kunye nemifanekiso enombala.

Ngaphambili, ubume ncwadi likhulu ehlabathini unalo "Superbook", kwakhululwa e Denver ngo-1976. Volume lokulinganisa 252 kg, ebunika "ncwadi inkulu ehlabathini kwiimveku" yaye ngokobungakanani.

zincinane

Incwadi encinane kakhulu ehlabathini kwaye kuthathwa ukuba imveliso leyo yenzelwe kids. Oku ngale sentsomi "UKumkani Cole Endala", epapashwe ngo-1985. Encomekayo ubungakanani umqulu wokuqala, nayo andingekhe ndiwugqithe aphindwe kabini. Kucacile ukuba ukuze bafunde ibali ngaphandle nezixhobo ezizodwa akwenzeki. Xa iyonke kukho iikopi zale "uKumkani Cole Endala" 85.

ubukhulu ezifanayo babandakanyiwe kuluhlu imiqulu incinane ehlabathini nezinye iincwadi. Umzekelo, i- siseko waseFransi, woSuku Koran, IsiNgesi Dictionary, equlethe malunga 12 amawaka amagama.

amazing

Kakade ke, lo iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ncwadi iphele khona. Oku ezisitheleyo ukuba bakwazi ukufunda nje kuphela, kodwa ukuqokelela. ndawonye yi Italian Rio Kozelli amazing. Lo mntu ufuna ukuthenga zonke enesithukuthezi kwihlabathi lempangelo kwaye sele impumelelo izicacele kule nkalo. ingqokelela lwakhe ekhaya iqulathe iikopi ngaphezu kwamawaka alishumi. Legend uthi ukuba imbongi-isiphukuphuku wazama ukuzibulala ngokwakhe xa wathi ukuba yonke indalo yakhe zikhona collection Kozell.

ingqokelela yeencwadi eqokelelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, abanini kuthenga kubo, bafumane ilifa okanye isipho. Eyona ndlela yokuqala wakhethwa yi Steven Blumberg, ngubani nje ebe imisebenzi ezinqabileyo. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ithala ziqokelelwe isaphuli-mthetho, ibe iikopi 23 amawaka. Baye inkunzi amathala eencwadi malunga 268. Indleko yale kwakusele malunga $ 20 million. Ukungena kwenye ilayibrari Bloomberg lilungele nantoni na. Kunganyanzeleka nokuba ukungena kwisakhiwo ngokusebenzisa ikheshi, kwaye kwakhona ukuba usebenzise inkqubo yokungena.

namhlanje

Oko sinako ukhumbule iinyaniso ezinomdla iincwadi mihla? Uphononongo lubonise ukuba uninzi iindwendwe of izithengisayo - abantu sele uphumile umbundu lokuzalwa amane. Yaye uninzi le ubunzima yenziweyo besini ngobulungisa.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga iincwadi zibonisa ukuba audiobook kule mihla ethandwa kakhulu. Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba yaqanjwa yindoda eyayifuna ukuba zisebenzise inkxaso kubantu abangaboniyo abangaboni kakuhle. Imfuneko yeencwadi ngekhompyutha iye eqikelelweyo njengoko kudala njengoko gqira zenkulungwane yokugqibela, elo wonga bobabo ababhali yesayensi.

Izazinzulu zithi umdla kumfundi ukuba imveliso ethile uqalisa ukwala xa engoyena kwiphepha elinesibhozo. Noko ke, kukho incwadi kusafuneka ukuba ukufunda kube sekupheleni. Kuye isihloko Ukubalisa: ". Le ncwadi, ngeke wazi" Ngumqondo lokushicilela Argentina ngokwenene kungcono ukufunda kwangoko. Kungenjalo, zingaphelanga iinyanga ezimbini inki izakulahleka, ngoko ke umfundi kuya kufuneka ukuba babubone amaphepha angabhalwanga.

Yintoni enye ekufuneka uyazi

Yintoni enye umdla iinyaniso malunga iincwadi onokubakhankanya? Le ncwadi, nto leyo eye kakhulu emangalisayo isihloko ehlabathini, wakhululwa ngowe-1633 e-London. Isihloko kuquka kuphela imigca 45, kodwa yenziwa phantse ngokupheleleyo inhlamba. Sithetha malunga nomsebenzi emandundu yeqonga, ngoko, le header equlathe idilesi kwemfazwe abadlali nabalawuli.