Ungquzulwano Sino-yiSoviet ngo-1969

Sekudlule iminyaka engama-45 ukususela ukuba intwasahlobo ka-1969, xa imfazwe kwaqhambuka enye yezona ndawo kude mpuma umda eSoviet-Chinese. Sithetha malunga siqithi Damanskii ibekwe kwi the Ussuri River. Imbali ye-USSR ibonisa ukuba isenzo sokuqala yamajoni lonke ixesha post-imfazwe, apho yazinyaswa ngabo imikhosi yamajoni kunye nomkhosi umda we iKGB. Yaye akumangalisi ngakumbi kukuba umhlaseli imeko kuphela eselumelwaneni, kunye emaqandeni, njengoko bonke bakholwa China.

indawo

Damanskiy Island kwimephu ejonge intwana pretty ezincinane somhlaba, elisuke nama-1500-1800 m ubude ne-700 m ububanzi. Echanekileyo iparameters yayo lingenakuqinisekiswa, ekubeni kuxhomekeka kwixesha elithile lonyaka. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha zentlako-hlaza nezasehlotyeni nezikhukhula kokuba zizaliswe ngokupheleleyo emanzini Ussuri River, yaye kwiinyanga zasebusika isiqithi umi phakathi umlambo amazinyo. Yiyo ke loo nto umbona ukuba akulubeki naliphi na ixabiso emkhosini-qhinga okanye ezoqoqosho.

Ngowe-1969, esi siqithi Sino-eSoviet, iifoto ukuba aye alondolozwa kwezo maxesha, i indawo kancinane ngaphezu 0.7 square metres. km, yayimi phezu kummandla USSR babaphatha Pozharsky District of Primorsky Krai. La mazwe erhangqwe ngomhla lelinye lawona maphondo e China - Heilongjiang. Umgama ukusuka Sino-eSoviet kwisixeko yaseKhabarovsk yi-230 kuphela km. Ukususela kunxweme Chinese, wasuswa ukuya kumgama omalunga nama-300 m, kwaye Soviet - m 500.

Island History

Ukuba ukrwele umgca phakathi China kunye Czarist Russia kwiMpuma Ekude baye bazama ukususela ngenkulungwane XVII. Ivela kweli xesha iqala imbali siqithi Sino-eSoviet. Ngoko ke ubukumkani Russian ngaphaya kwe Amur koMlambo, ukusuka kumthombo ukuya emlonyeni, wazimisa zombini ngasekhohlo kwaye ngokuyinxenye kwicala lasekunene kuyo. Kwathatha eziliqela phambi kokuba imigca umda ngqo ziye zasekwa. Esi siganeko kwakhokelwa izenzo ezininzi ezisemthethweni. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1860 phantse yonke ummandla Ussuri wanikwa eRashiya.

Njengoko yaziwa, amaKomanisi ekhokelwa Mao Zedong wangumlawuli China ngo-1949. ngakumbi ukuba ukusasaza ngaloo mihla ukuba indima ephambili yaba eSoviet Union. emi-2 emva kokuphela Civil kweMfazwe, apho abaphumeleleyo kwakukho Chinese amaKomanisi, Beijing kunye eMoscow asayina isivumelwano. Yathi ukuba China uyaqonda umda ekhoyo ngoku kunye eSoviet Union, yaye uyavuma ukuba yokuba Amur kunye Ussuri imilambo, phantsi kolawulo lwe-mkhosi umda eSoviet.

nemithetho ngaphambili ukuba esele zamkelwe yaye wenza ehlabathini, ngomda ukudlulisela ecaleni kwemilambo, wenziwe nje phezu kwemijelo engundoqo. Kodwa ke urhulumente tsarist eRashiya wathabatha ithuba ubuthakathaka acquiescence kukarhulumente yaseTshayina babathwalela ngaphandle umgca disengagement kule ndawo Ussuri River ayikho phezu kwamanzi, tye ngaphaya kodonga esahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwabonakala umzimba ngamanzi kwiziqithi phezu kwintsimi Russian. Ngoko ke, intlanzi kunye ukudada phezu Ussuri River, amaTshayina abakwazanga kuphela ngemvume amagunya angabamelwane.

Imeko yezopolitiko olwandulela ungquzulwano

Iziganeko besiqithi Sino-Soviet yaba uhlobo yincopho umahluko zabantu kangangokuba kwavela phakathi kwamazwe amabini ezinkulu yobusoshiyali - kweUSSR kunye neTshayina. Babuyela kule 50 nesibakala sokuba China ugqibe ukuba ukukhulisa impembelelo yayo ngamazwe ehlabathini ngowe-1958 wangena yongquzulwano ngezixhobo kunye Taiwan. Emva kweminyaka 4, China inxaxheba emfazweni umda nxamnye ne-Indiya. Kwimeko yokuqala eSoviet Union bayivakalisa inkxaso yayo senzo, okwesibini - phezu koko, wabalahla.

Ukongeza, umahluko kakhulu kwaba yi kukuba emva ebizwa iingxaki Caribbean ngowe-1962, eMoscow wafuna bunjani ngandlel 'neentlobano zokwazana aliqela kumazwe nkulu. Kodwa ke inkokheli Chinese Mao Tszedun wathabatha eli nyathelo njengoko ukungcatshwa iimfundiso yembono Lenin kunye Stalin. Kwakhona ababekho yaba ngumba wokhuphiswano ubukhulu phezu amazwe lilungu kwinkampu yali.

Kuba okokuqala lobunzima ezinkulu ubudlelwane Sino-yiSoviet uchazwe ngo-1956, xa eSoviet Union wathabatha inxaxheba kwezithandani yokuvukela ezithandwayo eHungary kunye Poland. Ke Mao ugxeke izenzo eMoscow. Ukuvuthuluka meko phakathi kwamazwe amabini abachaphazelekayo kunye nokukhumbula leengcali Soviet abo e-China kunye wamnceda ukuphuhlisa ngempumelelo zombini kuqoqosho kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo. Oku kwenziwa ngenxa abequmbise ezininzi kwicala China.

On top of Mao Tszedun I wayekhathazeke kakhulu ukuba i-West of China, kwaye ingakumbi Xinjiang usenalo amajoni Soviet wahlala apho ukususela 1934. Isibakala sokuba amajoni Red Army wathabatha inxaxheba kwezithandani le mvukelo Muslim kula mazwe. Oyedwa Enkulu, njengoko ogama Mao Boyika ukuba ezi zindawo ziya kumka USSR.

Yi Kwisiqingatha sesibini 60s, xa Khrushchev yasuswa kwi-ofisi, isimo saba yayisinda kakhulu kwindawo yonke. Oku kungqinwa yinto yokuba phambi kokuba ungquzulwano yaqala phezu ubudlelwane Sino-eSoviet lobuchule phakathi kwamazwe amabini ezazikhona ligqwetha yethutyana nje kuphela.

umda nayinto

Emva kokuba ukususwa Khrushchev ukusuka kwimeko igunya siqithi iye yaba shushu. waqala I-Chinese ukuba kuthunyelwa kumda kwintsimi enabemi eqeleni zabo zezolimo ekuthiwa. Ziyakhunjuzwa zokuhlala zomkhosi Arakcheyev, osebenza phantsi Nicholas mna, ngubani bakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zabo ezinqwenelekayo ngenxa yesonka nje kuphela, kodwa xa kwavela imfuneko ukuze azikhusele kunye nelizwe labo ngezigalo.

Xa iziganeko Ekuqaleni 60 ngo-siqithi Sino-eSoviet baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala waya eMoscow ingxelo ukuba amaqela amakhulu wamajoni yaseTshayina zamajoni njalo kungqubana umda korhulumente esekwe uye kwintsimi eSoviet, apho ke bagxothwa ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Uninzi aba nabalimi belizwe abo ibandakanyeka amadlelo etsolo okanye ingca kukucheba. Noko ke, baye lowu ukuba okuthiwa China.

Qho ngonyaka inani okucaphukisayo enjalo anda, baza baqalisa ukufumana esisongela ngakumbi. Red Guards weza uhlaselo (amaqhawe yeNkcubeko Revolution) kwi iipatroli zemida eSoviet. Ezo isenzo senkohlakalo yi-Chinese sele iinombolo bamawaka, kwaye wabandakanyeka abantu amakhulu kuzo. Umzekelo woku mcimbi elilandelayo. Kuye kuphela iintsuku 4 ukususela kufika 1969. Ke Kirkinskii kwi siqithi, yaye ngoku Tsilintsindao Chinese abaqalise Njengasengcaphukisweni, apho yazinyaswa ngabantu abangama-500.

nokulwa group

Ngexa urhulumente waseSoviet uthe ukuba abantu Chinese - uhlanga lobuzalwana, bonke phezu iziganeko asakhulayo Sino-eSoviet wangqina ukuya koko. Nanini abalindi ithi ezimbini umda ngengozi sawela ntsimi iphikiswayo, waqala ehlaselwa ngamazwi, nto leyo ke lakhula laba zeenkcuba melee. badla ngo uloyiso amajoni esomelela ezinkulu Soviet kunye ukubana eChina kwicala labo.

Qho abalindi umda Chinese bazama kweefilim nokulwa nemigulukudu kunye koko uzisebenzise ngenjongo yokwandisa. Loo malinge zisoloko bangabi ngabalindi umda yiSoviet, abangazange mathidala ukubetha psevdozhurnalistov yaye athimba bevidiyo yabo film. Ngaphandle koku, amajoni Chinese, fanatically abazinikeleyo ukuba 'uthixo' zazo Mao Zedong, babuya beza siqithi Damanskiy apho ke kwakhona ibethwe okanye babulawe egameni inkokheli lakhe elikhulu. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba onjalo ukulwa iqela melee abazange bafike.

amalungiselelo eTshayina imfazwe

Enye ingxabano umda kude obonakala kungekho ukuba sibe sibi phakathi China kunye USSR. Ubunkokheli Chinese ibisoloko chatha ukuba bavale ukuya kwintsimi emdeni iiyunithi zabo zomkhosi kwiiyunithi zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa, walibumba ekuthiwa-umkhosi yabasebenzi. Ngoko wakha iifama olubanzi ubumfazwe karhulumente, i abemi zomkhosi uhlobo.

Ukongezelela, inani kwamaqela asebenzayo kwabemi uMenzi yaBantu wabasebenzi. Zazisetyenziswa hayi kuphela ukukhusela umda, kodwa ukubuyisela ucwangco zonke zokuhlala ibekwe kufuphi kuyo. Kusetyenziswa.Iiyunithi liqela labahlali bengingqi, leyo iphethwe ngabameli ukhuseleko loluntu.

1969. Ngomda mmandla Chinese 200 km ububanzi kwaye wafumana newonga owalela ngoku ingqalelo waqale umgca elungileyo. Bonke abemi abo nayiphi na ulwalamano lwentsapho eSoviet Union, okanye livelana kuyo, ziye kwenye indawo kwiindawo ezininzi ezisemaphandleni of China.

Njengoko yiSoviet Union wayelungiselela imfazwe

Asinako ukuba ungquzulwano Sino-yiSoviet eSoviet Union kubanjiswa singalindelanga. Ukuphendula Kwingabula-up eentloko ezaxhobela Chinese kwindawo umda, eSoviet Union naye waqalisa ukomeleza imida yayo. Kuqala kwinto zonke, senza redeployment of ezinye iiyunithi kunye namaqonga yamalungu esembindini ntshona lizwe kummandla kwelentshona ye-izimvu kunye East Far. Kwakhona umda strip kuye kwaphuculwa ngokwemiqathango zobunjineli, ezibe baxhotyiswa oluphuculweyo inkqubo yokhuseleko zobugcisa. Ukongeza, namalinge amajoni kuqeqesho lwasemkhosini.

Okona kubalulekileyo, ngosuku ngaphambi kokuqhambuka ungquzulwano Sino-eSoviet, zonke beemboniselo umda nezinye iiyunithi banikwa inani elikhulu ngemipu enzima ngomatshini, kwaye anti-itanki izindululi sokuqhumisa kunye nezinye izixhobo. Kwakukho babethwele zabasebenzi vehicles BTR-60 kunye BTR-PB 60 PA. Xa kanye Kumda Kwamiswa amaqela mobile.

Phezu kwayo yonke le ntuthuko, izixhobo zokhuseleko kodwa akwanelanga. Isibakala sokuba imfazwe ukuphisa kunye China ifuna izixhobo kuphela okulungileyo, kodwa izakhono ezithile kwaye abanye amava ekuphuhliseni eli ubuchwepheshe obutsha, kwakunye nezakhono ukuba isicelo ngqo apha ekuhambeni impi.

Ngoku, emva kweminyaka emininzi kangaka emva kokuba ungquzulwano Sino-eSoviet kwenzeke, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba zobunkokeli lizwe kaThixo phantsi ubunzulu bemeko yayivele kwi kumda, ukuze ngamagqwetha awo abakakulungeli alwe ndlongo lutshaba. Kwakhona, nangona ngokonakala elibukhali kunxulumano ne-China kunye nokwanda kakhulu inani izithuko ezivela okufunyanisiweyo, umyalelo wanikwa imiyalelo engqongqo: "Musa ukusebenzisa izixhobo phantsi azisebenzisele!"

Kwesifo impi

Impixano Sino-yiSoviet ngo-1969 yaqala nesibakala sokuba malunga 300 amajoni of China Army, enxibe ukuzifihla ebusika, wawela umda eSoviet. Kwathi ngobusuku Matshi 2. I-Chinese nakuyiwela siqithi Damanskiy. Impixano lixubayele.

Ndimele ndithi ukuba amajoni utshaba zaye baxhotyiswe kakuhle. Clothing kakuhle kakhulu kwaye kufudumele, ukongeza, baba ovaroli sifihle emhlophe. Eli laphu efanayo bujikelwe iingalo zabo. Ukuba athe owawubhudla, ramrod zagutyungelwa kweparafini. Zonke izixhobo abafunyenwe benabo, enziwe China, kodwa kuphela phantsi mvume Soviet. amajoni Chinese axhobe carbines SKS, AK-47 kunye pistols TT.

Wawelela kwisiqithi, babelala ngasentshonalanga ngaseludinini lomlambo waza indawo endulini. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, ukuba sele ilungiswe apha naphaya yaye ngocingo elunxwemeni. Ngobo busuku yaba lipholile, leyo wayifihla yonke imikhondo kubo. Ke kaloku, zingekalali kude kuse phezu amakhuko, yaye kumaxesha ngamaxesha basking ngaloo basela yevodka.

Phambi ungquzulwano Sino-eSoviet abazange bade kwakhula kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, amaTshayina ukulungele ukuxhasa umgca amajoni ayo ukusuka elunxwemeni. zaye Kukho okuqokelelwe-oxhobele neqonga ngemipu recoilless, mortars nemipu umatshini enzima. Ukongeza, nantsi elihamba kokubala awawabala abantu malunga 300.

Xa emdeni ubukrelekrele eSoviet akukho zixhobo uyiqwalasela Bubusuku imimandla ezingqongileyo, ngoko abazange babone naziphi na amalungiselelo amanyathelo emkhosini lutshaba. Ukongeza, ukusuka isithuba elikufutshane Damansky oko 800 m, kunye ukubonakala ngelo xesha embi kakhulu. Nokuba ngo 9:00 kusasa, xa isinxibo umda ebandakanya abantu abathathu, Silihambahambile siqithi, amaTshayina azafunyanwa. violators Umda akuthethi ngokwayo kukhutshwa.

Kukholelwa ukuba ungquzulwano kwi Sino-eSoviet waqalisa ukusuka mzuzu xa malunga 10,40 emdeni "Nizhne-Mikhailovka", akhiwe 12 km ukuya emazantsi, wafumana ingxelo isithuba waphawula emkhosini. Yathi ukuba iqela lamadoda axhobileyo, uniko manani abantu 30 uyaziwa. Wasuka nomda China kwicala Sino-Soviet. EyiNtloko kwinkampu yaba Lieutenant esiphezulu Ivan Strelnikov. Wabanika umyalelo sokonyulwa, kunye nabasebenzi zemizana kwizithuthi yokulwa. Strelnikov kunye namajoni ezisixhenxe baya ndingaz-69, elinye B. Rabovich I S kuye amadoda 13 - on the BTR-60 PB kunye neqela J. Babanskii, eliquka oonogada umda 12 - on the ndingaz-63. umatshini kweyokugqibela kwasilela emva kwezinye imizuzu emibini-15, kwacaca ukuba kukho ingxaki injini.

izisulu zokuqala

Ekufikeni, iqela ekhokelwa Strelnikov, nayo leyo kubandakanya umfoti UNikolai Petrov, waya Chinese. Baye babephikisana malunga mthethweni zokunqumla umda, kwakunye nemfuneko ukuphuma kwangoko ummandla eSoviet Union. Emva koko, ezinye amaTshayina baduma, yaye inqanaba kuqala sahlukana. amajoni Chinese wavula umlilo oluzenzekelayo kwi Strelnikov kunye neqela lakhe. abalindi umda eSoviet babulawa kuloo ndawo. Zisuka ezandleni sele kwabafileyo Petrov wathabatha camera bhanya, yathatha yonke into eyenzekayo, kodwa khamera zange isaziso - amajoni ukuwa, wamgubungela umzimba wakhe. Yaba ngumntu wokuqala, ngubani liqala nje ingxabano Sino-eSoviet.

Iqela lesibini phantsi umyalelo Rabovicha kwakucingelwa lidabi olungalinganiyo. Yena wadubula emva wokugqibela. Kungekudala kufika kunye nabanye amajoni ikhokelwa yi Yu Babanskii. Bayithwala kwizikhundla Uyalwa emva maqabane zabo, yawunyakamisa utshaba umatshini-gun umlilo. Ngenxa yoko, iqela lonke wabulawa Rabovicha. In asinda kuphela ngommangaliso basinda Gennadiy Serebrov zesiqhelo. Yaba wamxelela konke okumhleleyo namaqabane akhe.

Iqela Babanskii waqhubeka ukulwa, kodwa Ammo yaphela ngokukhawuleza. Kwaba ke wagqiba ukuba ihambe. Oonogada lokusinda kwi APCs lokusinda wazimela kwintsimi eSoviet. Kwaye ngeli xesha imophule mandikhawulezise amajoni-20 ukusuka inqaba kufutshane "Kulebyakiny kweenduli" ukhokelwa Vitaliem Bubeninym. Yokuba wayeza emantla Sino-Soviet kumgama-18 km. Ngoko ke, uncedo bafika kuphela 11,30. nabalindi Border naye wangena edabini, kodwa amabutho ukungalingani. Ngoko ke, umphathi wabo wagqiba yokucima nabalaleli Chinese ngasemva.

amajoni Bubenin no-4, ujule APC, walihamba baqalisa utshaba zokudubula kuye ngasemva, kunye nezinye nabalindi zazijoliswe umlilo siqithi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba Chinese ziye ezinkulu izihlandlo eziliqela kunokuba kwimeko esibi kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kuba ikwazile ukutshabalalisa Chinese Bubenin umyalelo post. Emva koko, amajoni utshaba aqala ukuhamba sikhundla, bethabathe nabo abafileyo wayilimaza.

Ehlabathini 12,00 isiqithi ungquzulwano Sino-zeSoviet oko usaqhubeka, weza Colonel D. Leonov. Nguye abalindi umda compound yasemkhosini ibalulekileyo phezu uhlela 100 km ukusuka kwindawo yokulwa. Kwakhona wangena naso, yaye ngokuhlwa ngosuku olufanayo amajoni Soviet akwazi ukubetha le siqithi.

Kule mpi wabulala guards umda 32, yaye amajoni-14 abalimele. Abantu abaninzi baye balahlekelwa njani icala Chinese, kusesemini ayaziwa, ekubeni loo ngcaciso eMelika. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi woonogada umda yiSoviet, China uye waphoswa malunga 100-150 amajoni ayo namagosa.

ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo

Yaye kuthekani eMoscow? Ngale mini, uNobhala Jikelele Z Brezhnev wabizela ndawonye abaziintloko eentloko ezaxhobela umda USSR General V. Matrosov wazibuza ukuba yintoni na: kukho ungquzulwano elula okanye imfazwe ne China? Igosa eliphezulu yasemkhosini kwafuneka ukuba ukwazi imeko kumda, kodwa kwacaca phandle, yena akazi lutho. Ngoko ke, waza ke wabiza iziganeko ungquzulwano elula. Wayengazi yena, ukuba abalindi umda iiyure eziliqela, gcina ukuziphendulela kwi ukongama ezininzi lotshaba, hayi kuphela lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu kodwa ezingalweni.

Emva kokuba kwenzeke ingozi, leyo kwenzeka ngoMatshi 2 Damanskiy rhoqo isimo yi iingubo ngakumbi, yaye emva kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kwisahlulo nomkhosi wonke siqithi kaThixo, ukongeza zokudubula ke eziku yaye kwakukho izindululi ngexabiso "Grad" apho. China kwakhona ulungiselela uhlaselo elandelayo. Yi umda kwimali inani elikhulu imikhosi - malunga 5,000 abantu.

Ndimele ndithi, abalindi Kumda yokuba akukho miyalelo ukuba mabenze ntoni elandelayo. Kwakungekho imiyalelo ehambelana evela Abasebenzi Jikelele, okanye nguMphathiswa wezoKhuselo. Kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo, lo cwaka lobunkokheli eli lizwe yaba nezolo. Imbali eSoviet Union lizele zibakala. Umzekelo, thatha ezikhanya kubo: Ngemihla yakudala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, Stalin akazange akwazi ukuqalisa isibheno abantu eSoviet. Loo ukungafakwa ubunkokheli waseUSSR kungachazwa ukudideka epheleleyo izenzo isithuba Kumda emkhosini Matshi 14, 1969, xa isigaba sesibini kwimpixano Sino-eSoviet.

Kwi 15,00 umda abalindi bayalelwa: "Bayeke Sino-eSoviet" (ndingaziwa ngubani na okunike eli order). Kamsinya nje amabutho yiSoviet bayishiya siqithi, ngoko nangoko i-Chinese waqalisa amaqela amancinci zisebenza kulo kuyo nokubethelela izikhundla zabo emkhosini. Kwaye malunga 20,00 waya umyalelo eyahlukileyo: ". Thatha Sino-Soviet"

Unpreparedness kunye nokudideka waba ngukumkani kuwo. odolo ephikisanayo wafumana rhoqo, i zaxoxwa kubo oonogada umda wala. Kule mfazwe, wambulala Colonel Demokrat Leonov, awayezama kuthintelwe utshaba ngasemva kungaziwa itanki entsha T-62. Le moto ezonakeleyo kwaye ndilahlekile. Wazama kutshabalalisa mortars, kodwa ezi izenzo khange kube yimpumelelo - it wawa ngumkhenkce. Emva kwexesha elithile, amaTshayina bacinga kumphezulu tanki, yaye ngoku nguye imyuziyam yasemkhosini eBeijing. Konke oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba i Colonel wayengazi leso siqithi, satsho iitanki Soviet kangaka imprudently akusondela ukuba kwizikhundla yotshaba.

Le isifo yaphela kwicala eSoviet kwafuneka ukusebenzisa izindululi ngexabiso "Grad" nxamnye amabutho esitha. Esi sisihlandlo sokuqala osetyenziselwe ngathi isixhobo umlo wokwenene. It ufake "Grad" wagqiba isiphumo edabini. Emva koko kwabakho ukuzola.

imiphumela

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ungquzulwano eSoviet-Chinese lwaphela ekoyiseni epheleleyo yiSoviet Union, thethwano kubonelelo Damansky phantse-20 iminyaka. Kuphela ngo 1991 siqithi ngokusesikweni waba Chinese. Ngoku Ibizwa Zhenbao, elithetha "ezixabisekileyo".

Ngexesha ungquzulwano zomkhosi USSR waphulukana abantu 58, 4 kubo - amagosa. China, ngokutsho uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, ethe yalahleka 500 ukuya 3,000-mkhosi yawo.

Ngokuba nesibindi wakhe, abalindi ezintlanu zanikwa kwisihloko Hero eSoviet Union, abathathu kubo - kokufa kwakhe. Enye amajoni 148 zanikwa ezinye ii-odolo kunye neembasa.