Decembrists eRussia. Ukuqaliswa Decembrists. Indawo kunye nomhla yokwenza i Decembrists

Kangangeminyaka eli-200, imvukelo Decembrists kuye kwatsala ingqalelo-mbali. Kubhaliwe lukhulu amanqaku zenzululwazi zezidanga nkqu ngalo mbandela. Yintoni ebangela ukuba le nzala? Eyona nto kukuba, ngokwembali, i Decembrists eRashiya aba bokuqala nobuganga bokumelana amandla kakumkani. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukufunda le nto yaqala ukubandakanya abo bavukeli ngokwabo, ukuba zayihlalutya ezibangela le mvukelo e Yeengwevu Square kunye ukoyiswa yayo. Ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwe Decembrists uluntu Russian uphulukene umbala wayo abantu abatsha abaninzi abafundileyo, ngenxa yokuba ntlandlolo kwiintsapho wabanumzana, abathathi ezizukileyo kwiMfazwe ka 1812. Rise of igalelo bayahlelwa neembongi abanetalente. Ngenxa yoko, A. Pushkin, ngenxa ngokunxulumene nxaxheba le mibutho ifihlakeleyo, wathunyelwa ekuthinjweni.

Ngoobani aba Decembrists

Ngoobani aba Decembrists? Ngokufutshane ke ingachazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukuba bangamalungu imibutho yezopolitiko eziliqela uyawalwela ukupheliswa serfdom kunye utshintsho lukarhulumente. NgoDisemba 1825 zilungelelaniswe loo mvukelo, leyo zicinezelwa kabuhlungu.
abantu 5 (iinkokheli) begwetyelwa njengesohlwayo lihlazo amagosa. Decembrists, nxaxheba elubhacweni eSiberia, ezinye wadubula ku enqabeni.

Izizathu yemvukelo

Kutheni Decembrists wavukela? izizathu ezininzi oku. Chief phakathi kwabo, ukuba bonke mnye, badlale ngethuba ngemibuzo kwi inqaba - umoya ingcinga ezamahala, inkolelo amandla abantu Russian, ediniwe yengcinezelo - bonke bazalwa emva kokuba uloyiso okuqaqambileyo nxamnye uNapoleon. Ngoko ke akukho ngozi abantu 115 ukusuka phakathi Decembrists - nxaxheba ka Patriotic War of 1812. Eneneni, ebudeni amaphulo zomkhosi, yokukhulula amazwe aseYurophu, zange ndadibana nezobundlobongela of serfdom. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba kwakhona isimo sabo ukuya lizwe, "amakhoboka kunye iinkosi."

Kwacaca ukuba serfdom ngokwayo uye waphila yokusebenziseka kwaso. Ukulwa ndawonye nabantu abaqhelekileyo, ethetha nabo, i Decembrists elizayo weza ingcamango yokuba abantu ufanelwe ezimanyumnyezi ngaphezu ubukho wobukhoboka. Amafama, kakhulu, besithembe ukuba emva kwemfazwe, imeko yabo iya kutshintsha kuba ngcono, ngokuba uphalaze igazi labo ngenxa lamazwana. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, umlawuli noninzi aziingangamsha ngokuqinileyo kubanjwa ngomhla enqabeni yomkhosi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukusuka kwiminyaka 1814 ukuya 1820, eli lizwe batsho ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini Sasungulwa yokuvukela. Le apotheosis ibe imvukelo nxamnye Colonel Schwartz Semenovski Guards ngo-1820. inkohlakalo lakhe amajoni elula ladlula yonke imida. Wanga intshukumo Decembrist, Sergey Muravev-Apostol kunye uMikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, ubungqina ezi ziganeko, njengoko bakhonza kule butho.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umoya ethile yokucinga ezamahala owafaka uninzi nxaxheba Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum: umzekelo, abafundi abayigqibileyo baba Leo I., V. Kiichelbecker, kunye nenkululeko-bothando imibongo yi Pushkin wasebenzisa iingcamango ezikhuthazayo.

Southern Society of the Decembrists

Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba ngentshukumo Decembrists zange avele ndawo; lakhula amacebo revolution yehlabathi. Pavel Pestel wabhala ukuba iingcinga ezinjalo ukuya 'ukusuka kwelinye icala yaseYurophu eRashiya ", nesambatho nabo ngokuchasiweyo sengqondo Turkey ne England. Yenziwe ngapha umsebenzi izimvo wolona Decembrist mfihlakalo. Eyokuqala kuzo - i-Union of Usindiso (St. Petersburg, 1816) kunye Union of-ntle (1918). Owesibini yenzeke ngokwesiseko lokuqala, yaba ngaphantsi ngasese kwaye iquka inani elikhulu lamalungu. Ngowe-1820 yaye apheliswe kungenxa yaloo divergence kwezimvo.

Ngowe-1821, umbutho omtsha yabhalwa labantu ezimbini: i-North (e St. Petersburg, apho intloko Nikita Muravev) kunye neSouth (e Kiev, apho intloko Pavel Pestel). uluntu wasezantsi iimbono zinkuni ngakumbi: ukuseka republic, banikela ukubulala ukumkani. Southern Society Isakhiwo emelwe ulawulo ezintathu: okokuqala, kunye P. Pestel A. Yushnevsky wayalela kunye, okwesibini - S. Iimbovane-Apostol, sesithathu - Davydov kunye S. Volkonskiy.

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel

Inkokeli Southern Society, uPavel Ivanovich Pestel, wazalwa ngo-1793 eMoscow. Yena wafumana imfundo esemagqabini eYurophu, yaye ekubuyeni kwakhe eRashiya uqalisa kukhonza kwi Corps of Amaphepha - ingakumbi Amanene nelungelo. Amaphepha wazana nawo onke amalungu asebukhosini. Kuqala wabonakalaliswa nhla inkululeko-umthande Pestel oselula. Ngobuciko izidanga kwi Amanxusa, uyaqhubeka kukhonza webutho Lithuanian kunye elikwinqanaba kwibhanile Life Guards.

Ngexesha lemfazwe ka-1812 Pestel elimele longxwelerhiweyo. Kophilisiweyo, imbuyekezo kwinkonzo, esilwa ngamandla. Ekupheleni imfazwe Pestel iimbasa ezininzi phezulu, kuquka igolide izixhobo premium. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, waba kudluliselwa kukhonza kwi-Calvary webutho - ngexesha iindawo ezininzi ezidumileyo.

Ngoxa e St. Petersburg, Pestel siyazi ethile yombutho ofihlakeleyo (usindiso Union) yaye kungekudala kuza kuyo. UPawulos uqala ubomi olululo. Ngowe-1821 koko wabubhekisa kuluntu Southern - kule ke yancedwa bubuciko eqaqambileyo, ubukrelekrele entle kunye namandla ukweyisela. Ngenxa yezi mpawu ngexesha lakhe yokufikelela ubunye imibono eseMazantsi kunye nemibutho Northern.

siseko Pestel kaThixo

Ngowe-1923, yayamkela inkqubo ye-Southern Society, oluqulunqwe Pavlom Pestelem. It ngazwi onke amalungu lombutho - ezi Decembrists elizayo. Ngokufutshane ke iqulathe izinto ezilandelayo:

1. Russia kufuneka abe republic, omnye yaye ayahlukahlukenanga, ezibandakanya izithili-10. Ulawulo loluntu ziya kwenziwa liBhunga zaBantu (mthetho) kunye olawulayo Duma (isigqeba).
2. Xa kuqwalaselwe umba serfdom Pestel ecetywayo ukurhoxisa kwaoko, ukulaba ilizwe lezabelo ezimbini: abalimi kunye abaqeshisi. Bekucingelwa ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi iza yokuqeshisa ukuze wokufama. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba xa yotshintsho ka-1861 kwi-ukupheliswa serfdom ngu Pestel waya ukucwangcisa, eli lizwe kungekudala laqalisa yoohlohlesakhe, kwezoqoqosho indlela phambili yophuhliso.
3. Ukupheliswa kwiiklasi ziko. Abantu lonke eli lizwe kuthiwa njengabemi, kuba wayelingana efanayo phambi komthetho. inkululeko ezibhengeziweyo kunye inviolability lomntu kunye lisebenzela kuyo.
4. urhulumente Tsarist ngokucacile belingekanyuswa Pestel, ngoko afuna ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa wenyama yonke indlu yakomkhulu.

Bekucingelwa ukuba "Inyaniso Russian" uya kungena ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza lo qhankqalazo. Yeyona umthetho olusisiseko lizwe.

Northern Society of the Decembrists

Northern Society kuvela ngo-1821, entwasahlobo. Ekuqaleni inxalenye izilingo amaqela amabini, simanyene kamva. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iqela lokuqala olukhulu ngakumbi, abathathi-nxaxheba ekwabelwana izimvo Pestel kunye ngokupheleleyo wayamkela "Inyaniso Russian 'yakhe.

Amatshantliziyo e Northern Society Nikita Muravev (intloko), Kondraty Ryleev (usekela), Prince Obolensky kunye Trubetskoy. Not indima mncinane kuluntu idlala Ivan Puschin.

Northern Society wenza ikakhulu eSt Petersburg, kodwa waba isebe eMoscow.

Indlela yokuhlanganisa uluntu nezi ndawo Southern sele ube obude buhlungu kakhulu. Baye ukungaboni ngaso elingundoqo eminye imiba. Nangona kunjalo, le Congress ngowe-1824, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuqalisa inkqubo ezisingise kwindibano ngo-1826. Le mvukelo ngoDisemba 1825 wabatshabalalisa ezi zicwangciso.

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev - uvela kusapho unguwo. Wazalwa ngo-1795 e-St Petersburg. Ndafumana imfundo enkulu eMoscow. The War of 1812 bamfumana elikwinqanaba unobhala Collegiate Ministry of Justice. Imfazwe, ubaleka kude nekhaya, ekwenzeni umsebenzi okuqaqambileyo ngexesha amadabi.

Emva kokuba Second World War uqala ukusebenza njengenxalenye eziyimfihlo: i-Union of Usindiso kunye Union of ntle. Ukongeza, wabhalela koSomqulu yokugqibela. Ukholelwa ukuba kukho kufuneka ukuba kumiselwe uhlobo republic karhulumente, yi nga ku pfuna mdibi emkhosini kuphela. Ebudeni uhambo ukuya ezantsi adibana P. Pestel. Kunjalo Ihlela isakhiwo sayo - Northern Society, kodwa kunyango akuthethi ningazikrazuli, kodwa koko, eli sokubambisana.

Uhlelo lokuqala inguqulelo yakhe ye-siseko wabhala ngo-1821, kodwa akazange afumane impendulo evela kwamanye amalungu oluntu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, wayeya ahlole iimbono zakhe kwaye likhuphe inkqubo entsha ezinikezelwa yi emNtla Society.

Muraveva siseko

Siseko Murav'ev zibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Russia kufuneka abe lobukhosi siseko: yowiso-mthetho - i Duma ePhakamileyo, ezibandakanya amagumbi amabini; yesigqeba - * uKhesare (ile - umphathi ephakamileyo). Ngokwahlukeneyo, oko kumiselwe ukuba akazange abe nelungelo lokuba uqale kwaye ukuphelisa imfazwe ngokwabo. Emva ezona ufundo ezintathu umlawuli kwafuneka ukuba asayine umthetho. Ivitho wayengenalo ilungelo, kungabangela ukulibaziseka kuphela ukusayinwa ekuhambeni kwexesha.
2. Xa Ukutshitshiswa amalungelo omhlaba serfdom of kubanini ushiye abanini kunye namafama - iziza zabo, dibanisa dibanisa eka-2 ukuya ekhaya yonke.
3. Ilungelo lokuvota - kuphela kubanini-mhlaba. Abafazi, mbuya and non-abaninilo imisiwe.
4. Ukuvala iziko yeeklasi, level zonke ngegama elinye: ngummi. Inkqubo yenkundla yenye bonke.

Iimbovane uyazi ukuba inguqulelo yakhe yomgaqo-siseko uza kudibana ukumelana bungwanyalala, ngoko uye walungiselela intshayelelo ukusetyenziswa iingalo.

Ukulungiselela i mvukelo

imibutho efihlakeleyo, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, lweminyaka-10 phambi kokuba qhankqalazo yaqala. Kufuneka wathi isigqibo mvukelo kwavela kakhulu izenzekele.

Ngoxa baseTaganrog, uyafa Alexander I. Xa kungekho iindlalifa umlawuli elandelayo wayefanele ukuba ibe Constantine, umninawa ka-Alexander. Ingxaki yayikukuba asiyeke kanye ngasese. Ngako oko, ibhodi wegqitha waya umzalwana omncinane, uNicholas. Abantu badidekile, hayi ukwazi kukulahlwa. Kodwa Nicholas ugqiba ngoDisemba 14, 1925 ukuya ukuthatha isifungo.

Ukufa Alexander yaba kwindawo okuba bavukeli. baqonde ukuba lixesha lokuba enze, nangona ezahlukene phakathi eseMazantsi kunye nemibutho Northern. Ayazi kakuhle ukuba ixesha ukulungiselela kakuhle kwimvukelo azinayo kakhulu, kodwa ndicinga ukuba ukuphoswa le ngongoma - mthetho. Kubhalwe Ivan Puschin nomhlobo wakhe Aleksandru Pushkinu lyceum.

Ehlangana ngobusuku phambi December 14, abo bavukeli ukulungiselela isicwangciso samanyathelo. Abile phantsi kwezi ngongoma zilandelayo:

1. umphathi emiselwe Prince Trubetskoy.
2. Thabatha Winter Palace kunye uPetros Paul Fortress. Uxanduva yale elimisiweyo Yakubovich kunye Bulatov.
3. Nicholas ukubulala uLieutenant P. Kakhovsky. Eli nyathelo kufuneka ibe uphawu ngenxa amanyathelo ngenxa bavukeli.
4. Ukuqhuba umsebenzi ze phakathi kwamasoldati kuzileleza nabo ecaleni bavukeli.
5. Ukucenga iNdlu Yeengwevu ukuba bafunge ukuwugqalela umlawuli andiphathise Kondrati Ryleeva kunye Ivan Pushin.

Ngelishwa, asingabo bonke Bacinge Decembrists elizayo. Imbali ithi bonke abanginizayo zibe kwenziwa Ukulahla Nicholas zidale esondelayo ukuba ekugqibeleni waqiniseka ukuba onyule iNdlu Yeengwevu isifungo sesikhundla ekuseni nge-14 Disemba.

Le mvukelo: lo mcimbi

Le mvukelo akazange aye ngokuvumelana elishicilelwe phantsi, nto leyo kujongwe bavukeli. ixesha amadala ukuba bafunge ukuwugqalela umlawuli phambi ukuphazamiseka.

Noko ke, komele zamajoni umgca ukuze wempi yeeNgwevu Square, wonke umntu elindele amanyathelo athe tsotsololo ngakwicala yolawulo.
Ivan Puschin and Kondraty Ryleev buyela kwaye uthi ukufika kukuba umyalelo, Prince Trubetskoy. Le yokugqibela, ngokuguqula abo bavukeli holed phezulu Ngokubanzi Abasebenzi yokumkani. Wasilela baqonde ukuba amanyathelo olukhulu ekwakufuneka ngaye.

Ekugqibeleni, lo qhankqalazo livunyelwe.

Le khomiwile yaye inkundla

E St. Petersburg, waqalisa Kwathi u khomiwile yokuqala kunye nokubulawa le Decembrists. An into umdla kukuba ukuqotywa amabanjwa wawungapheleli iNdlu yeeNgwevu, njengoko kulindelwe, kwaye iNkundla Ephakamileyo ngokukodwa ogranizovanny uNicholas I sihlandlo. Ndizekela kwasentloko, phambi kokuba imvukelo, Disemba 13, wabanjwa Pavel Pestel. Into ukuba ngaphambi nje kokuba le mvukelo yena, wathabatha ilungu le-Southern Society A. Mayboroda, owajika wangumngcatshi. Pestel e Tulchin wabanjwa basiwa eSt Petersburg uPetros Paul Fortress kanye.

Mayboroda wabhala ukusola N. Muraviev, owathi wabanjwa ngomhla kwilifa lakhe.

Ngaphantsi phando abantu 579. 120 kubo elubhacweni besebenza nzima eSiberia (phakathi kwabo, Nikita Muravev), bonke ignominiously demoted kuluhlu. abavukeli abahlanu bagwetyelwa ukufa.

ukubulawa

Ethetha inkundla kwi indlela yokwenza lo Decembrists kunokwenzeka, Nicholas wathi igazi kufuneka kuphalala. Ngenxa yoko, bona, amaqhawe kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ligwetyelwe emthini zodumo.

Ngubani abulawa Decembrists? Amagama abo zezi zilandelayo: Pavel Pestel, uPetros Kakhovsky, Kondraty Ryleev, Sergey Muravev-Apostol, uMikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Le sinqumo funda ngoJulayi 12, wabaxhoma July 25, 1926. Ukuqaliswa Decembrists elide axhotyiswe wakha umthi kunye ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Noko ke, hayi ngaphandle detox: amadoda amathathu yawa kwiihenjisi zabo, kwafuneka axhonywe kwakhona.

Indawo kwi uPetros Paul Fortress, apho Decembrists ababulawa - it crownwork. Kukho ilitye lesikhumbuzo emele obelisk negranite nokwakheka. Libonakalisa nesibindi ngayo walwela ukuba iinjongo zazo kubulawa Decembrists. amagama awo wakrola lesikhumbuzo.